Difference between revisions of "Offerings"

<p> (See [[Offering]]). </p> <p> '''I.''' ''Waving Before Jehovah'' ( הֵנַי לַפְנֵי יְהוֹה or תְּנוּפָה ) occurs as a special ceremony by the priests in the [[Jewish]] ritual not only in connection with meat-offerings (&nbsp;Exodus 29:24 [&nbsp;Leviticus 8:27]; &nbsp;Numbers 5:25), in the case of the first-fruits and the first-born (&nbsp;Leviticus 23:11 sq.), but also of bloody offerings, whether (especially in thank- offerings) of single pieces only, as the breast or right shoulder or fore-leg (&nbsp;Exodus 29:26 sq.; &nbsp;Leviticus 7:30; &nbsp;Leviticus 7:34; &nbsp;Leviticus 9:21; &nbsp;Leviticus 10:14; &nbsp;Numbers 6:20), or of the whole animal (a lamb, &nbsp;Leviticus 19:12; &nbsp;Leviticus 19:24; &nbsp;Leviticus 23:23), which was waved before [[Jehovah]] in token of presentation; and this principle extended even to the persons of the [[Levites]] as an initiatory rite to their office (&nbsp;Numbers 8:11; &nbsp;Numbers 8:15). The waving in case of meat-offerings or pieces of animals was performed upon (with) the hands (&nbsp;Exodus 29:24; &nbsp;Leviticus 8:27; according to the rabbins, it was held upon the hands of the offerers, beneath which were placed those of the priest [Tosi4phta, ''Menach.'' 7:17], so as to fiulfil the requirement of &nbsp;Exodus 29:24; &nbsp;Numbers 6:19-20; while whole animals were waved by the hands of the priest alone [Mishna, ''Menach.'' 5:6]); each having previously been laid upon the altar; in the case of whole animals this was done before slaughtering them (&nbsp;Leviticus 14:12; Leviticus cf., 24 sq.). It consisted, according to the rabbins (Mishna, ''Meienach.'' 5:6), like the ''Porricere'' of the Romans (Macrob. ''Sat.'' 3:2), also the obmovere or commovere (Cato, Res Rust. 134) in certain respects (Zorn, Biblioth. Antiq. 1:74), of a forward and backward motion upward of the articles; while living objects were simply moved to and fro. Whether the motion was ever to the right and left is uncertain, although the import of the word הֵנַי (see &nbsp;Isaiah 30:28; Deuteronomy 20:25) would justify such an opinion, which, moreover, would be highly significant. The act, at all events, indicates a festive surrender to Jehovah as a personal service like the peace-offering; beyond this all is speculation (Bahr, Symbol. 2:376 sq.; see Reland, Antiq. Sacr. page 276). See WAVE- OFFERING. </p> <p> '''II.''' ''Heaving'' ( הֵרַים or תְּרוּמָה ) is associated with the tossing (&nbsp;Exodus 29:27), as the heave-shoulder (הִתְּרוּמָה שׁוֹק ) occurs almor, with the wave-breast (&nbsp;Exodus 29:27; &nbsp;Leviticus 7:30; &nbsp;Leviticus 7:32; &nbsp;Leviticus 7:34), and what is called (&nbsp;Exodus 38:24) wave-gold is also called heave-gold (&nbsp;Numbers 31:52). Indeed, the Jews scarcely distinguish between the two ( תְּרוּמֶה and תְּנוּפָה ) as ritualistic acts, but explain each as an upward and downward motion (Mishna, ''Menach.'' 5:6), a sort of ''Elevatio.'' Both would thus stand as generally expressive of supreme consecration to God as the universal [[Owner]] and [[Giver]] (see Gesenius, Thesaur. page 866; Bahr, Symbolik, 2:355 sq.; 377). Some moderns incorrectly regard the two acts as identical (Jahn, Archaol. 3:38), or take "heaving" (הֵרַים ) in the vague sense of ''Offerre'' or ''Auferre'' (like Gesenius, ''Thesaur.'' page 1277), and connect הוּרִם, &nbsp;Exodus 29:27, with מֵאֵיל הִמַּלּאַים, contrary to the accents and the parallelism; but see Kurtz, ''Mos. Opfer,'' page 146 sq. (See [[Heave-Offering]]). </p>