Difference between revisions of "Laodicea"

<p> (א has Λαοδικία everywhere. B has this form of the word in &nbsp;Colossians 2:1, &nbsp;Revelation 1:11; &nbsp;Revelation 3:14, but Λαοδίκεια in &nbsp;Colossians 4:13; &nbsp;Colossians 4:15-16 [the latter is the form used by almost all Gr. authors]; Lat. <i> [[Laodicea]] </i> [in-correctly <i> Laodicia </i> ]).-Laodicea was an important seat of commerce in the [[Roman]] province of Asia, one of three cities in the [[Lycus]] valley which were evangelized about the same time. It was 11 miles W. of [[Colossae]] and 6 miles S. of Hierapolis. Founded probably by the Seleucid king [[Antiochus]] ii. (261-246 b.c.), and named after his wife Laodice, it was known as ‘Laodicea on the Lycus’ (Λαοδικία ἡ πρὸς [or ἐπὶ] τῷ Λυκῷ, <i> Laodicea ad Lycum </i> ). Being some distance east of ‘the Gate of Phrygia,’ it is classed by [[Polybius]] (v. 57) and [[Strabo]] (xii. viii. 13) among Phrygian cities, while [[Ptolemy]] sets it down as Carian. It stood on a small plateau about 2 miles S. of the Lycus, and had behind it to the S. and S.W. the snow-capped mountains Salbakos and Kadmos, each over 8,000 ft. above sea-level. Designed, like the other Seleucid foundations in Asia Minor, to be at once a strong garrison city and a centre of Hellenic civilization, it occupied a strategic position on the great eastern trade-route, where the narrow Lycus gorge opens into the broad Maeander plain. ‘Formerly a small town’ (Strabo, xii. viii. 16), its prosperity dated from the peaceful time which followed the Roman occupation (133 b.c.). </p> <p> ‘The country around Laodicea breeds excellent sheep, remarkable not only for the softness of their wool, in which they surpass the Milesian sheep, but for their dark or raven colour. The [[Laodiceans]] derive a large revenue from them, as the Colosseni do from their flocks, of a colour of the same name’ (Strabo, xii. viii. 16). </p> <p> The native religion of the district was the cult of Carian Men, whom the [[Hellenists]] of Laodicea identified with Zeus. His temple was at Attuda, 13 miles W. from Laodicea. In connexion with it, but probably in Laodicea itself, was ‘a large Herophilian school of medicine under the direction of Zeuxis, and afterwards of [[Alexander]] Philalethes’ (Strabo, xii. viii. 20). The physicians of Laodicea were skilful oculists, and a preparation for weak eyes, called ‘Phrygian powder’ (τέφρα φρυγία), was well known. Nearly the whole basin of the Maeander was subject to earthquakes ( <i> ib. </i> 17). Imperial funds were usually given for the restoration of cities thus injured, and Laodicea accepted a grant from [[Tiberius]] after such a calamity, but of a later visitation Tacitus writes: ‘The same year [a.d. 60] Laodicea, one of the most famous cities of Asia, having been prostrate by an earthquake, recovered herself by her own resources (propriis opibus revaluit), and without any relief from us’ ( <i> Ann. </i> xiv. xxvii.). She had long been rich and increased in goods, and had need of nothing (&nbsp;Revelation 3:17). More than a century before (in 51 b.c.), Cicero proposed to cash his treasury Bills of [[Exchange]] at a [[Laodicean]] bank ( <i> Ep. ad Fam </i> . iii. 5). </p> <p> Such a thriving commercial centre had great attractions for a colony of Jews. If the first settlers were sent thither by the founder of the city, or by Antiochus the Great, who is said to have planted 2,000 [[Jewish]] families in [[Phrygia]] and [[Lydia]] (Jos. <i> Ant. </i> xii. iii. 4), they would enjoy equal rights of citizenship with the Greeks. When Flaccus, Roman governor of Asia (62 b.c.), forbade the Jews to send contributions of money to Jerusalem, he seized as contraband twenty pounds weight in gold in the district of which Laodicea was the capital (Cicero, <i> pro Flacco </i> , 28). Calculated at the rate of a half-shekel for each man, this sum represents a Jewish population of more than 11,000 adult freemen, women and children being exempted. [[Josephus]] preserves a letter from ‘the magistrates of the Laodiceans to [[Caius]] Rubilius’ (circa, about48 b.c.), guaranteeing religious liberty to the Jews of the city ( <i> Ant. </i> xiv. x. 20). </p> <p> The details of the founding of the Church of Laodicea have to be pieced together from allusions in the Acts and Epistles. St. Paul was not directly the founder. His words in &nbsp;Colossians 2:1, ‘I strive for … them at Laodicea, and for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh,’ imply that he had not personally laboured in the Lycus valley. In his third missionary tour he did not go to [[Ephesus]] by the ordinary route of commerce, which would have brought him to the Lycus cities, but passed through ‘the upper country’ (τὰ ἀνωτερικὰ μέρη, &nbsp;Acts 19:1), probably by Seiblia and the Cayster valley. His influence in the former region was indirect. During his three years’ residence in Ephesus ‘all they who dwell in Asia heard the word’ (19:10). The truths which he proclaimed in the metropolis were quickly repeated all over the province, and especially in the cities along the great roads. His evangelist of the Lycus glen was Epaphras, whom St. Paul regarded as his deputy (&nbsp;Colossians 1:7 [Revised Version], reading ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν instead of ὑμῶν), and whose labour on behalf of the three communities evoked a warm encomium (&nbsp;Colossians 4:12-13). The close relations subsisting between the churches of Laodicea and Colossae are indicated by the injunction that the [[Epistle]] to Colossians should be read in the Church of the Laodiceans, and that the Colossians should read ‘the Epistle from Laodicea.’ The latter was perhaps the canonical ‘Epistle to the Ephesians,’ which [[Marcion]] expressly names the Epistle ‘to the saints who are at Laodicea.’ </p> <p> The last of the [[Epistles]] to the Seven Churches of Asia is addressed to Laodicea (&nbsp;Revelation 3:14-22). The severity of the prophet’s rebuke has made ‘Laodicean’ for ever suggestive of lukewarmness in religion. Once fervent, Laodicea became so tepid that her condition excited a feeling of moral nausea. Each of the Seven Epistles is of course concerned with a [[Christian]] church rather than with a city, but the [[Christians]] were citizens, and the spirit of the city could not be kept out of the church. The allusions to the circumstances and character of Laodicea are unmistakable. The famous commercial and banking city, too proud to accept an Empire’s aid, is invited to come to the poor man’s market and buy from the Sender of the letter (παρʼ ἐμοῦ is emphatic) gold refined by fire (&nbsp;Revelation 3:17-18). She who has innumerable flocks on her Phrygian hills, and whose fine black woollen fabrics are prized everywhere, has need of <i> white </i> garments to cover her own moral nakedness (&nbsp;Revelation 3:18). Her aesculapian school of medicine has no Phrygian powder for the healing of her spiritual blindness, which requires the eye-salve ( <i> collyrium </i> ) of another [[Physician]] (&nbsp;Revelation 3:18). Rich Laodicea, well-clothed, and well-fed, self-reliant and self-satisfied, is in danger of being rejected with loathing. Yet her absent Lord loves her, and writes her so incisively only because He hopes to find her chastened and penitent when He returns and knocks at her door (&nbsp;Revelation 3:19-20). </p> <p> Little is known about the post-apostolic history of Laodicea. Traditions regarding Archippus, [[Nymphas]] (&nbsp;Colossians 4:15), and [[Diotrephes]] (&nbsp;3 John 1:9) are worthless. The so-called ‘Epistle to the Laodiceans’ (in Latin) is a forgery. The subscription of 1 Tim., ‘written from Laodicea, which is the chiefest city of Phrygia Pacatiana,’ has no authority. The ruins of Laodicea are many but not impressive. </p> <p> Literature.-W. M. Ramsay, <i> The [[Letters]] to the Seven Churches </i> , 1904, pp. 413-430; W. J. Hamilton, <i> Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, [[Armenia]] </i> , 1842, i. 515f.; W. M. Leake, <i> Journal of Tour in Asia Minor </i> , 1824, p. 251f.; Murray’s <i> Handbook to Asia Minor </i> , 1895. </p> <p> James Strahan. </p>

<p> A city of Phrygia. Originally Diospolis, then Rheas, then Laodicea. Site of one of the seven churches addressed by Christ through John (&nbsp;Revelation 1:11; &nbsp;Revelation 3:14). In Paul's epistle to the COLOSSIANS (&nbsp;Colossians 4:13-16) Laodicea is associated with Colossae and Hierapolis, which exactly accords with its geographical position, 18 miles W. of Colossae, six miles S. of Hierapolis. It lay in the Roman province "Asia," a mile S. of the river Lycus, in the Maeander valley, between Colossae and Philadelphia. A Seleucid king, Antiochus II, Theos, named it from Laodice his wife. Overthrown often by earthquakes. It was rebuilt by its wealthy citizens, without state help, when destroyed in A.D. 62 (Tacitus, Annals 14:27). This wealth (arising from its excellent wools) led to a self satisfied "lukewarm" state in spiritual things, which the Lord condemns as more dangerous than positive icy coldness (&nbsp;Revelation 3:14-21). </p> <p> The two churches most comfortable temporally are those most reproved, [[Sardis]] and Laodicea; those most afflicted of the seven are the most commended, [[Smyrna]] and Philadelphia. Subsequently the church was flourishing, for it was at a council at Laodicea, A.D. 361, that the [[Scripture]] canon was defined. "The epistle from Laodicea" (&nbsp;Colossians 4:16) is Paul's epistle to the Laodiceans which the Colossians were to apply to them for. Not the epistle to the Ephesians, for Paul was unlikely to know that his letter to the Ephesians would have reached Laodicea at or near the time of the arrival of his letter to the Colossians. In &nbsp;1 Corinthians 5:9 similarly an epistle is alluded to, no longer extant, the Holy Spirit not designing it for further use than the local and temporary wants of a particular church. The apostle's epistles were publicly read in the church assemblies, being thus put on a level with the Old [[Testament]] and Gospels, which were similarly read. </p> <p> The angel of the Laodicean church is supposed to be [[Archippus]] whom Paul 30 years before had warned to be diligent in fulfilling his ministry (&nbsp;Colossians 4:17). The "lukewarm" state, if the transitional stage to a warmer, is desirable (for a little religion, if real, is better than none), but fatal when an abiding state, for it is mistaken for a safe state (&nbsp;Revelation 3:17). The danger is of disregarded principle; religion enough to lull the conscience, not to save the soul; halting between two opinions (&nbsp;1 Kings 18:21; &nbsp;2 Kings 17:41; &nbsp;Ezekiel 20:39; &nbsp;Matthew 6:24). The hot (at Hierapolis) and cold springs near Laodicea suggested the simile. As worldly poverty favors poverty of spirit (&nbsp;Matthew 5:3, compare &nbsp;Luke 6:20), so worldly riches tend to spiritual self sufficiency (&nbsp;Hosea 12:8). </p> <p> Paul's epistle to the neighbouring Colossae was designed for Laodicea also, though Paul had not seen the Christians there at the time (&nbsp;Colossians 2:1; &nbsp;Colossians 2:3; &nbsp;Colossians 4:6); it tells Laodicea "in whom" to find "hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge," whereas she thought she had all sufficiency in herself, "because thou sayest I am rich," etc. He endured a sore conflict, striving in anxious prayer in behalf of the churches of Ephesus and Laodicea that they might be delivered from [[Judaizing]] teachers, who blended Eastern theosophy and angel worship with Jewish asceticism and observance of new moons and sabbaths, professing a deeper insight into the world of spirits and a nearer approach to heavenly purity and intelligence than the simple gospel afforded (&nbsp;Colossians 2:8-9; &nbsp;Colossians 2:16-23). A few arches and part of an amphitheater are all the remains left of Laodicea Now Denishu. </p>

<p> Like Colossae and Hierapolis, Laodicea was situated in a fertile valley east of Ephesus in the Roman province of Asia. It was an important educational, commercial and administrative centre. </p> <p> Although Paul was the first to take the gospel to Asia, there is no indication that he visited the town during his missionary travels recorded in Acts (&nbsp;Colossians 2:1). The church was probably founded at the time of Paul’s lengthy stay in Ephesus during his third missionary journey, when the zealous [[Ephesian]] converts took the gospel throughout the surrounding countryside (&nbsp;Acts 19:8-10; &nbsp;Colossians 4:12-13). (For map and other details see ASIA.) </p> <p> When Paul wrote to the church in Colossae, he wrote also to the church in Laodicea. He wanted the two churches to exchange their letters, so that both churches could read both letters (&nbsp;Colossians 4:16). This letter to the Laodiceans was never collected as part of the sacred writings. </p> <p> Another letter to the Laodicean church has been preserved, this one written towards the end of the first century (&nbsp;Revelation 3:14). The letter is Christ’s message to the church and is largely one of criticism. The citizens of Laodicea in general were prosperous and self-satisfied, and this spirit of self-satisfaction carried over into the church. </p> <p> The Laodiceans prided themselves that they had all they needed, and even believed that their material prosperity had resulted from their spiritual goodness. Because of their reliance on material things they could not exercise true faith in God, and their lives could not demonstrate that Christ brings complete satisfaction. Jesus condemned their comfortable spiritual pride and tried to make them see themselves as he saw them – poor, blind and naked. They had to realize that Christ alone could produce truly spiritual qualities in their lives, and he could do this only when they turned from their sin and humbly sought his help (&nbsp;Revelation 3:15-22). </p>

<p> '''Laodice'a.''' (justice of the people). A town in the Roman province of Asia, situated in the valley of the Maeander, on a small river called the Lycus, with Colossae and [[Hierapolis]] a few miles distant to the west. Built, or rather rebuilt, by one of the Seleucid monarchs, and named in honor of his wife, Laodicea became, under the Roman government, a place of some importance. Its trade was considerable; it lay on the line of a great road; and it was the seat of a conventus. </p> <p> From the third chapter and seventeenth verse of Revelation we should gather it was a place of great wealth. Christianity was introduced into Laodicea, not, however, as it would seem, through the direct agency of St. Paul. We have good reason for believing that when, in writing from Rome to the Christians of Colossae, he sent a greeting to those of Laodicea, he had not personally visited either place. But the preaching of the gospel at Ephesus, &nbsp;Acts 18:19; &nbsp;Acts 19:41, must inevitably have resulted in the formation of churches in the neighboring cities, especially where Jews were settled; and there were Jews in Laodicea. </p> <p> In subsequent times, it became a Christian city of eminence, the see of bishop and a meeting-place of councils. The Mohammedan invaders destroyed it, and it is now a scene of utter desolation, as was prophesied in &nbsp;Revelation 3:14-22 and the extensive ruins near Denislu justify all that we read of Laodicea in Greek and Roman writers. </p> <p> Another biblical subject of interest is connected with Laodicea. From &nbsp;Colossians 4:16, it appears that St. Paul wrote a letter to this place when he wrote the letter to Colossae. Ussher's view is that it was the same as the Epistle to the Ephesians, which was a circular letter sent to Laodicea among other places. The apocryphal '''Epistola ad Laodicenses''' is a late and clumsy forgery. </p>

<p> '''Laodicea''' (la-ŏd-i-sç'ah), the old city (Greek Diospolis), stood on the banks of the Lycus, a branch of the Meander, a few miles distant from Colosse and Hierapolis, in the Roman province of Asia, in Asia Minor. [[Seleucus]] II. enlarged it, and named it after his wife Laodicea. A Christian church was early established here, probably from Ephesus, and to this church Paul sent a salutation when writing to the Colossians, &nbsp;Colossians 4:15; it is also mentioned in &nbsp;Revelation 1:11; &nbsp;Revelation 3:14. From &nbsp;Colossians 4:16 it appears that Paul wrote a letter to the Laodiceans, which some think is the same as the Epistle to the Ephesians. </p>

<p> A city rendered famous from its connection with Scripture history. (See &nbsp;Colossians 2:1; Col 4:16. See also &nbsp;Revelation 1:11; Rev 3:14-22.) What an awful consideration, that not a vestige of this church remains, but the place where it stood is now inhabited by infidels! </p>

<p> ''''' lā ''''' - ''''' od ''''' - ''''' i ''''' - ''''' sē´a ''''' ( Λαοδικία , <i> ''''' Laodikı́a ''''' </i> ): A city of Asia Minor situated in the Lycos valley in the province of Phrygia, and the home of one of the Seven Churches of Rev (&nbsp; Revelation 1:11 ). Distinguished from several other cities of that name by the appellation [[Ad]] Lycum, it was founded by Antiochus Ii (261-246 BC) of Syria, who named it for his wife Laodike, and who populated it with [[Syrians]] and with Jews who were transplanted from [[Babylonia]] to the cities of Phrygia and Lydia. Though Laodicea stood on the great highway at the junction of several important routes, it was a place of little consequence until the Roman province of Asia was formed in 190 BC. It then suddenly became a great and wealthy center of industry, famous specially for the fine black wool of its sheep and for the Phrygian powder for the eyes, which was manufactured there (compare &nbsp;Revelation 3:18 ). In the vicinity was the temple of Men Karou and a renowned school of medicine. In the year 60 AD, the city was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, but so wealthy were its citizens that they rejected the proffered aid of Rome, and quickly rebuilt it at their own expense (compare &nbsp;Revelation 3:17 ). It was a city of great wealth, with extensive banking operations (compare &nbsp;Revelation 3:18 ). Little is known of the early history of Christianity there; Timothy, Mark and Epaphras (&nbsp;Colossians 1:7 ) seem to have been the first to introduce it. However, Laodicea was early the chief bishopric of Phrygia, and about 166 Ad S agaris, its bishop, was martyred. In 1071 the city was taken by the Seljuks; in 1119 it was recovered to the Christians by John Comnenus, and in the 13th century it fell finally into the hands of the Turks. </p> <p> The ruins, now called <i> ''''' Eski ''''' </i> <i> ''''' [[Hissar]] ''''' </i> , or old castle, lie near the modern <i> ''''' Gonjelli ''''' </i> on the railroad, and they have long served as a quarry to the builders of the neighboring town of <i> ''''' Denizli ''''' </i> . Among them nothing from before the Roman period has appeared. One of the two Roman theaters is remarkably well preserved, and there may still be seen the stadium, a colonnade, the aqueduct which brought the water across the valley to the city by an inverted siphon of stone pipes, a large necropolis, and the ruins of three early Christian churches. </p>

<p> Eight ancient cities bore this name; the chief, situated on the Lycus, in Phrygia, lay on the way between [[Ionia]] and the Euphrates; was a city of great commerce and wealth, the seat of schools of art, science, medicine, and philosophy, and of an early Christian bishopric; though the Church was stigmatised in the Revelation, two councils assembled here in A.D. 363 and 476, the former of which influenced the determination of the canon of both Testaments; the city, destroyed by the Mohammedan invasions, is now in ruins. </p>