Difference between revisions of "Coptic Versions"

<p> ''''' kop´tik vûr´shunz ''''' : </p> <p> I. [[Language]] and [[Alphabet]] </p> <p> 1. Alphabet </p> <p> 2. Dialects </p> <p> II. [[Versions]] </p> <p> III. Chief Editions </p> <p> Literature </p> I. Language and Alphabet <p> 1. Alphabet </p> <p> The [[Coptic]] alphabet consists of the Greek uncial letters, plus seven characters taken from the [[Egyptian]] demotic to express sounds not represented in the Greek It can be traced back to the 4th century, as the oldest Coptic manuscripts belong to the end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century. The language still prevailed in Egypt in the 9th century, but was no longer understood in Middle Egypt in the 12th. Its last speaker died in 1633. </p> <p> 2. Dialects </p> <p> There were at least five written dialects and subdialects of Coptic. Of these the most important from a literary point of view was the (1) <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> , the dialect of Lower Egypt, often called Coptic <i> par excellence </i> , and also (wrongly) Memphitic. It is used as the ecclesiastical language in the services of the Coptic church. The other four dialects are somewhat more closely allied to one another than to <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> , which shows greater traces of Greek influence. These dialects are, (2) The Sahidic ( <i> ''''' Sa‛ı̄dı̄ ''''' </i> , or dialect of upper Egypt), also called Thebaic; (3) The <i> ''''' Bashmūric ''''' </i> - or rather <i> ''''' Bushmūric ''''' </i> - (for which <i> ''''' Fayyūmic ''''' </i> has been suggested); (4) The Middle Egyptian proper (known from manuscripts found in the monastery of [[Jeremias]] near the Theban <i> ''''' Serapeum ''''' </i> ), differing but little from (3); and (5) The <i> ''''' Akhmı̄mic ''''' </i> ( <i> ''''' Akhmı̄m ''''' </i> = the ancient Chemmis). <i> ''''' Akhmı̄mic ''''' </i> is more primitive and more closely related to ancient Egyptian than any other. Only a few fragments in it (of Exodus, Ecclesiastes, 2 Maccabees, the Minor Prophets, and [[Catholic]] epistles) have yet been found. The last three dialects are often classed together as "Middle Egyptian" and (4) is then called "Lower Sahidic." </p> II. Versions <p> In all 5 dialects more or less complete versions of the Bible once existed. They were the earliest made after the early [[Syriac]] At latest they began in the 3rd century, though some (e.g. Hyvernat) say as early as the 2nd. It is thought that the Sahidic version was the earliest, then the Middle Egyptian and finally the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> . The latter represents an early and comparatively pure Greek text, free from what are generally termed western additions, while the Sahidic, on the other hand, contains most of the peculiar western readings. It sometimes supports Codex Sinaiticus, sometimes Codex Vaticanus (B), sometimes both, but generally it closely agrees with codex D (Bezae), especially in the Acts. A C optic (Sahidic) MS, written considerably before 350 ad, and published by the British Museum in April, 1912, contains Deuteronomy, Jonah, and Acts, and is older than any other Biblical manuscript (except a few fragments) yet known to exist. It proves that this Sahidic version was made about 200 ad. It in general supports the "Western" text of codex Bezae (D). Much of the New [[Testament]] especially still exists in Sahidic, though not Revelation. In <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> we have the Pentateuch, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, the 12 Minor Prophets, and fragments of the historical books of the Old Testament, besides the whole New Testament, though the Book of Revelation is later than the rest. In the other dialects much less had been preserved, as far as is known. In <i> ''''' Bushmūric ''''' </i> we have fragments of Isaiah, Lamentations, Ep. Jeremiah, and a good many fragments of the New Testament. In more than one dialect we have apocryphal gospels (see <i> Texts and Studies </i> , IV, number 2, 1896) and [[Gnostic]] papyri, etc. The Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint. The Psalms seem to have been translated about 303 ad. </p> III. Chief Editions <p> The <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> Psalms were first published in 1659. Wilkins published the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> New Testament at London in 1716, and the [[Pentateuch]] in 1731; Schwartze the [[Gospels]] in 1846-47; de Lagarde the Acts and [[Epistles]] in 1852. He also edited the Psalms (transliterated) in 1875, 151 in number, of which the last celebrates David's victory over Goliath. He added fragments of the Sahidic [[Psalter]] and of the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> Proverbs Tattam published the Minor [[Prophets]] in 1836 and the Major in 1852 an edition of the Gospels in London in 1847, and of the rest of the New Testament in 1852 ( <i> SPCK </i> ), with a literal Arabic version. Horner's edition of the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> New Testament (4 volumes, 1898, etc., [[Clarendon]] Press) and of Sahidic Gospels (1910, 3 vols) is the standard edition [[Ford]] published part of the Sahidic New Testament in 1799. Various editions of parts of Old Testament and New Testament have since appeared: e.g. Ciasca published fragments of the Sahidic Old Testament ( <i> Sacrorum Bibliorum Fragmenta Copto-Sahidica Musei Borgiani </i> ) at Rome, 1885-89. </p> Literature <p> <i> Realencyclopädie für prot. Theol. und Kirche </i> , III; Hyvernat, <i> Étude sur les versions coptes </i> ; <i> Revue biblique </i> , 1896, 1897; <i> Zeitschrift für ägypt. Sprache </i> ; <i> Journal of Theol. Studies </i> , I, 3; Nestle, <i> Text. Crit of Greek New Testament </i> ; Forbes Robinson, <i> Texts and Studies </i> , IV; Oesterley in Murray's <i> New Bible Dict </i> . </p>

<p> ''''' kop´tik vûr´shunz ''''' : </p> <p> I. [[Language]] and [[Alphabet]] </p> <p> 1. Alphabet </p> <p> 2. Dialects </p> <p> II. [[Versions]] </p> <p> III. Chief Editions </p> <p> Literature </p> I. Language and Alphabet <p> 1. Alphabet </p> <p> The [[Coptic]] alphabet consists of the Greek uncial letters, plus seven characters taken from the [[Egyptian]] demotic to express sounds not represented in the Greek It can be traced back to the 4th century, as the oldest Coptic manuscripts belong to the end of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century. The language still prevailed in Egypt in the 9th century, but was no longer understood in Middle Egypt in the 12th. Its last speaker died in 1633. </p> <p> 2. Dialects </p> <p> There were at least five written dialects and subdialects of Coptic. Of these the most important from a literary point of view was the (1) <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> , the dialect of Lower Egypt, often called Coptic <i> par excellence </i> , and also (wrongly) Memphitic. It is used as the ecclesiastical language in the services of the Coptic church. The other four dialects are somewhat more closely allied to one another than to <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> , which shows greater traces of Greek influence. These dialects are, (2) The Sahidic ( <i> ''''' Sa‛ı̄dı̄ ''''' </i> , or dialect of upper Egypt), also called Thebaic; (3) The <i> ''''' Bashmūric ''''' </i> - or rather <i> ''''' Bushmūric ''''' </i> - (for which <i> ''''' Fayyūmic ''''' </i> has been suggested); (4) The Middle Egyptian proper (known from manuscripts found in the monastery of [[Jeremias]] near the Theban <i> ''''' Serapeum ''''' </i> ), differing but little from (3); and (5) The <i> ''''' Akhmı̄mic ''''' </i> ( <i> ''''' Akhmı̄m ''''' </i> = the ancient Chemmis). <i> ''''' Akhmı̄mic ''''' </i> is more primitive and more closely related to ancient Egyptian than any other. Only a few fragments in it (of Exodus, Ecclesiastes, 2 Maccabees, the Minor Prophets, and [[Catholic]] epistles) have yet been found. The last three dialects are often classed together as "Middle Egyptian" and (4) is then called "Lower Sahidic." </p> II. Versions <p> In all 5 dialects more or less complete versions of the Bible once existed. They were the earliest made after the early [[Syriac]] At latest they began in the 3rd century, though some (e.g. Hyvernat) say as early as the 2nd. It is thought that the Sahidic version was the earliest, then the Middle Egyptian and finally the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> . The latter represents an early and comparatively pure Greek text, free from what are generally termed western additions, while the Sahidic, on the other hand, contains most of the peculiar western readings. It sometimes supports Codex Sinaiticus, sometimes Codex Vaticanus (B), sometimes both, but generally it closely agrees with codex D (Bezae), especially in the Acts. A C optic (Sahidic) MS, written considerably before 350 ad, and published by the British Museum in April, 1912, contains Deuteronomy, Jonah, and Acts, and is older than any other Biblical manuscript (except a few fragments) yet known to exist. It proves that this Sahidic version was made about 200 ad. It in general supports the "Western" text of codex Bezae (D). Much of the New [[Testament]] especially still exists in Sahidic, though not Revelation. In <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> we have the Pentateuch, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, the 12 Minor Prophets, and fragments of the historical books of the Old Testament, besides the whole New Testament, though the Book of Revelation is later than the rest. In the other dialects much less had been preserved, as far as is known. In <i> ''''' Bushmūric ''''' </i> we have fragments of Isaiah, Lamentations, Ep. Jeremiah, and a good many fragments of the New Testament. In more than one dialect we have apocryphal gospels (see <i> Texts and Studies </i> , IV, number 2, 1896) and [[Gnostic]] papyri, etc. The Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint. The Psalms seem to have been translated about 303 ad. </p> III. Chief Editions <p> The <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> Psalms were first published in 1659. Wilkins published the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> New Testament at London in 1716, and the [[Pentateuch]] in 1731; Schwartze the [[Gospels]] in 1846-47; de Lagarde the Acts and [[Epistles]] in 1852. He also edited the Psalms (transliterated) in 1875, 151 in number, of which the last celebrates David's victory over Goliath. He added fragments of the Sahidic [[Psalter]] and of the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> Proverbs Tattam published the Minor [[Prophets]] in 1836 and the Major in 1852 an edition of the Gospels in London in 1847, and of the rest of the New Testament in 1852 ( <i> SPCK </i> ), with a literal Arabic version. Horner's edition of the <i> ''''' Buḥairic ''''' </i> New Testament (4 volumes, 1898, etc., [[Clarendon]] Press) and of Sahidic Gospels (1910, 3 vols) is the standard edition [[Ford]] published part of the Sahidic New Testament in 1799. Various editions of parts of Old Testament and New Testament have since appeared: e.g. Ciasca published fragments of the Sahidic Old Testament ( <i> Sacrorum Bibliorum Fragmenta Copto-Sahidica Musei Borgiani </i> ) at Rome, 1885-89. </p> Literature <p> <i> Realencyclopädie für prot. Theol. und Kirche </i> , III; Hyvernat, <i> Étude sur les versions coptes </i> ; <i> Revue biblique </i> , 1896, 1897; <i> Zeitschrift für ägypt. Sprache </i> ; <i> Journal of Theol. Studies </i> , I, 3; Nestle, <i> Text. Crit of Greek New Testament </i> ; Forbes Robinson, <i> Texts and Studies </i> , IV; Oesterley in Murray's <i> New Bible Dict </i> . </p>

<ref name="term_2566"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/coptic+versions Coptic Versions from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>

<ref name="term_2566"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/coptic+versions Coptic Versions from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>

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