Difference between revisions of "Behemoth"

<p> &nbsp;בהמות . This term has greatly tried the ingenuity of the critics. By some, among whom are Bythner and Reiske, it is regarded in &nbsp;Job 40:16 , as a plural noun for beasts in general: the peculiar name of the animal immediately described not being mentioned, as unnecessary, on account of the description itself being so easily applied at the time. In this sense it is translated in various passages in the Psalms. Thus, &nbsp;Psalms 50:10 , in which it is usually rendered cattle, as the plural of &nbsp;בהמת it means unquestionably a <em> beast </em> or <em> brute, </em> in the general signification of these words: "For every beast of the field is mine, and the cattle," <em> behemoth, </em> "upon a thousand hills." So again, &nbsp;Psalms 73:22 : "So foolish was I, and ignorant; I was as a beast," <em> behemoth, </em> "before thee." It is also used in the same sense in &nbsp;Job 35:11 , of the book of Job: "Who teacheth us more than the beasts," <em> behemoth, </em> "of the earth." The greater number of critics, however, have understood the word behemoth, in the singular number, as the peculiar name of the quadruped described, Job 40, of whatever kind or nature it may be; although they have materially differed upon this last point, some regarding it as the hippopotamus, or river horse, and others as the elephant. The evidence in favour of the hippopotamus appears, however, to predominate. The hippopotamus is nearly as large as the rhinoceros. The male has been found seventeen feet in length, fifteen in circumference, and seven in height. The head is enormously large, and the jaws extend upwards two feet, and are armed with four cutting teeth, each of which is twelve inches in length. The body is of a lightish colour, thinly covered with hair. The legs are three feet long. Though amphibious, the hoofs, which are quadrifid, are not connected by membranes. The hide is so thick and tough as to resist the edge of a sword or sabre. Although an inhabitant of the waters, the hippopotamus, is well known to breathe air like land animals. On land, indeed, he finds the chief part of his food. It has been pretended that he devours vast quantities of fish: but it appears with the fullest evidence, both from the relations of many travellers, and from the structure of the stomach, in specimens that have been dissected, that he is nourished solely, or almost solely, on vegetable food. Though he feeds upon aquatic plants, yet he very often leaves the waters, and commits wide devastations through all the cultivated fields adjacent to the river. Unless when accidentally provoked, or wounded, he is never offensive; but when he is assaulted or hurt, his fury against the assailants is terrible. He will attack a boat, break it in pieces with his teeth; or, where the river is not too deep, he will raise it on his back and overset it. If he be irritated when on shore, he will immediately betake himself to the water; and there, in his native element, shows all his strength and resolution. </p>

<p> (&nbsp;Job 40:15-24.) The Egyptian, Coptic, &nbsp;pehemout , "the water ox," Hebraized; our "river horse", hippopotamus. "Behold I made him with thee." Yet how great the difference! "He eateth grass as an ox;" a marvel in an animal so much in the water, and that such a monster is not carnivorous. "His force is in the navel (rather muscles) of his belly"; the elephant's skin there is thin, but the hippopotamus' skin thick. "He moveth his tail like a cedar," short indeed, but straight and rigid as the cedar. "The sinews of his thighs are twisted together," like a thick rope. "His bones are as strong tubes of copper .... his spine like bars of iron." He that made him hath furnished him with his sword" (his sickle-like teeth). Though so armed, he lets "all the beasts of the field play" near him, for he is herbivorous. </p> <p> "He lieth under the lotus bushes," in the covert of the reed and fens (being amphibious). "The lotus bushes cover him with their shadow." "Behold (though) a river be overwhelming, he is not in hasty panic (for he can live in water as well as land); he is secure, though a [[Jordan]] swell up to his mouth." Job cannot have been a Hebrew, or he would not adduce Jordan, where there were no river horses. He alludes to it as a name known only by hearsay, and representing any river. "Before his eyes (i.e. openly) will any take him, or pierce his nose with cords?" Nay, he can only be taken by guile. Jehovah's first discourse (Job 38-39) was limited to land animals and birds; this second discourse requires therefore the animal classed with the crocodile to be amphibious, as the river horse. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Behemoth (&nbsp;bç'he-mŏth, or &nbsp;be-hç'moth), &nbsp;the great beast; or, if it be supposed an [[Egyptian]] word, it may mean &nbsp;the water-ox. A mammoth animal, described in &nbsp;Job 40:15-24, where the explanation is added in the margin of the R. V., "that is, the hippopotamus." The identification of behemoth has puzzled critics, and the strangest conjectures have been propounded. The mammoth, or other extinct quadruped, has been thought behemoth by some; while others maintain it is the elephant; and some would take the word as having a symbolical meaning. The weight of evidence is in favor of the hippopotamus. As leviathan is most likely the crocodile, it is not unreasonable to suppose that behemoth is, like the crocodile, an inhabitant of the Nile; and that, as leviathan is amphibious, behemoth must be amphibious too, and hence the hippopotamus, a conclusion which is strengthened by the comparison of verses 15, 21, 22 with 24. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Be'hemoth. &nbsp;(great beasts). There can be little or no doubt that, by this word, &nbsp;Job 40:15-24, the &nbsp;hippopotamus is intended since all the details descriptive of the behemoth accord entirely with the ascertained habits of that animal. </p> <p> The hippopotamus is an immense creature having a thick and square head, a large mouth, often two feet broad, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, short legs terminated by four toes, a short tail, skin without hair, except at the extremity of the tail. </p> <p> It inhabits nearly the whole of Africa, and has been found of the length of 17 feet. It delights in the water, but feeds on herbage on land. It is not found in Palestine, but may, at one time, have been a native of western Asia. </p>

<p> (Heb. behemoth, &nbsp;בְּהֵמוֹת, 15; Sept. &nbsp;θηρία; in Coptic, according to Jablonski, &nbsp;Pehemout) is regarded as the plural of &nbsp;בְּהֵמָה, &nbsp;behemah' (usually rendered "beast" or cattle"); but commentators are by no means agreed as to its true meaning. Among those who adopt &nbsp;elephant are Drusius, Grotius, Schultens, Michaelis, etc., while among the advocates of &nbsp;hippopotamus are Bochart (&nbsp;Hieroz. 2, 754 sq.), Ludolf (&nbsp;Hist. AEthiop. 1, 11), and [[Gesenius]] (Thes. Heb. p. 183). The arguments of the last in favor of his own view may be summed up thus: </p> <p> &nbsp;(1.) The general purpose and plan of Jehovah's two discourses with Job require that the animal which in this second discourse is classed with the crocodile should be an amphibious, not a terrestrial animal, the first discourse (38, 39) having been limited to land-animals and birds. </p> <p> &nbsp;(2.) The crocodile and hippopotamus, being both natives of [[Egypt]] and &nbsp;A Ethiopia, are constantly mentioned together by the ancient writers (see Herod. 2:69-71; Diod. 1:35; Pliny 28:8). </p> <p> &nbsp;(3.) It seems certain that an amphibious animal is meant from the contrast between &nbsp;Acts 12:15; &nbsp;Acts 12:20-22, and &nbsp;Acts 12:23-24, in which the argument seems to be, "Though he feedeth upon grass," etc., like other animals, yet he liveth and delighteth in the waters, and nets are set for him there as for fish, which by his great strength he pierces through. </p> <p> &nbsp;(4.) The mention of his tail in &nbsp;Acts 12:17 does not agree with the elephant, nor can &nbsp;זָנָב, as some have thought, signify the trunk of that animal; and </p> <p> &nbsp;(5.), though &nbsp;בְּהֵמוֹת may be the plural "majestatis" of &nbsp;בְּהֵמָה &nbsp;, beast, yet it is probably an Egyptian word signifying &nbsp;sea-ox, put into a Semitic form, and used as a singular. </p> <p> The following is a close translation of the poetical passage in Job (&nbsp;Job 40:15-24) describing the animal in question: </p> <p> Lo, now, Behemoth that I have made [alike] with thee! [[Grass]] like the [neat-] cattle will he eat. [[Lo!]] now, his strength [is] in his loins, Even his force in [the] sinews of his belly. He can curve his tail [only] like a cedar; The tendons of his haunches must be interlaced: His bones [are as] tubes of copper, His frame like a welding of iron. He [is the] master-piece of God: </p> <p> his Maker [only] can supply his sword [i.e. tushes]. For produce will [the] mountains bear for him; Even [though] all [the] animals of the field may spors [there]. [[Beneath]] [the] lotuses will he lie, In [the] covert of [the] reedy marsh; Lotuses shall entwine him his shade. Osiers of [the] brook shall enclose him. Lo! [the] liver may swell-he will not start; He will be bold, although a Jordan should rush to his mouth. In his [very] eyes should [one] take him, Through [the] snares would [his] nose pierce. </p> <p> "But in some respects this description is more applicable to the elephant, while in others it is equally so to both animals. Hence the term behemoth, taken intensively (for in some places it is admitted to designate cattle in general), may be assumed to be a poetical personification of the great Pachydermata, or even Herbivora, wherein the idea of hippopotamus is predominant. This view accounts for the ascription to it of characters not truly applicable to one species; for instance, the tail is likened to a cedar (provided &nbsp;זָנָב really denotes the tail, which the context makes very doubtful; see Zeddel, &nbsp;Beitr. z. Bibl. Zoolog'&nbsp;e)&nbsp;, which is only admissible in the case of the elephant; again, "the mountains bring him forth food;" "he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan," a river which elephants alone could reach; "his nose pierceth through snares, "certainly more indicative of that animal's proboscis, with its extraordinary delicacy of scent and touch, ever cautiously applied, than of the obtuse perceptions of the river-horse. Finally, the elephant is far more dangerous as an enemy than the hippopotamus, which numerous pictorial sculptures on the monuments of Egypt represent as fearlessly speared by a single hunter standing on his float of log and reeds. Yet, although the elephant is scarcely less fond of water, the description referring to manners, such as lying under the shade of willows, among reeds, in fens, etc., is more directly characteristic of the hippopotamus. The book of Job appears, from many internal indications, to have been written in Asia, and is full of knowledge, although that knowledge is not expressed according to the precise technicalities of modern science; it offers pictures in magnificent outline, without condescending to minute and labored details. [[Considered]] in this light, the expression in &nbsp;Psalms 50:10, "For every beast of the forest is mine, and the cattle (behemoth) upon a thousand hills," acquires a grandeur and force far surpassing those furnished by the mere idea of cattle of various kinds. If, then, we take this plural noun in the sense here briefly indicated, we may, in like manner, consider the LEVIATHAN (See [[Leviathan]]) (q.V.) its counterpart, a similarly generalized term, with the idea of crocodile most prominent; and as this name indicates a twisting animal, and, as appears from various texts, evidently includes the great pythons, cetacea, and sharks of the surrounding seas and deserts, it conveys a more sublime conception than if limited to the crocodile, an animal familiar to every Egyptian, and well known even in Palestine." (See [[Hippopotamus]]). </p>

<p> '''''bē´hē̇''''' -'''''moth''''' , '''''bē̇''''' -'''''hē´moth''''' (&nbsp; בּהמות , <i> '''''behēmōth''''' </i> ̌ : &nbsp;Job 40:15 ): Apparently the plural of <i> '''''behēmāh''''' </i> , "a beast," used of domestic or wild animals. The same form, <i> '''''behēmōth''''' </i> , occurs in other passages, e.g. &nbsp;Deuteronomy 28:26; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 32:24; &nbsp;Isaiah 18:6; &nbsp;Habakkuk 2:17 , where it is not rendered "behemoth" but "beasts." According to some, the word <i> '''''behēmōth''''' </i> , occurring in &nbsp;Job 40:15 , is not a Hebrew word, the plural of <i> '''''behēmāh''''' </i> , but a word of Egyptian origin signifying "water ox." This etymology is denied by Cheyne and others. The word has by various writers been understood to mean rhinoceros and elephant, but the description (&nbsp;Job 40:15-24 ) applies on the whole very well to the hippopotamus ( <i> [[Hippopotamus]] arnphibius </i> ) which inhabits the Nile and other rivers of Africa. Especially applicable are the references to its great size, its eating grass, the difficulty with which weapons penetrate its hide, and its frequenting of streams. "He lieth under the lotus-trees, In the covert of the reed, and the fen. The lotus-trees cover him with their shade; The willows of the brook compass him about." </p> <p> The remains of a fossil hippopotamus of apparently the same species are found over most of Europe, so that it may have inhabited [[Palestine]] in early historical times, although we have no record of it. There is a smaller living species in west Africa, and there are several other fossil species in Europe and India. The remains of <i> Hippopotamus minutus </i> have been found in enormous quantities in caves in [[Malta]] and Sicily. </p> <p> For an elaborate explanation of behemoth and leviathan (which see) as mythical creatures, see Cheyne, <i> EB </i> , under the word </p>