Difference between revisions of "Andrew"

<p> A Greek name. A fisherman of Bethsaida at the lake of Gennesareth, son of Jonas. One of the first two called of the apostles; who in his turn called his brother Simon to Jesus (&nbsp;John 1:35-41). Previously he had been John the Baptist's disciple, and by him had been pointed to Jesus twice as the Lamb of God. Prompt decision for Christ, not levity, led him to obey. A further call took place subsequently and more formally, when, after they had resumed their usual occupation, Jesus found them casting their net into the sea (&nbsp;Matthew 4:18). [[Void]] of the boldness and rocklike robustness of Peter's character, which but few can aspire to, he had that feature which makes him a pattern within the reach of all, a simple, earnest determination in carrying out the dictates of conscience. Another feature in Andrew was, though not so qualified for public usefulness as some, he was as ardent as any to win souls in private to Jesus. </p> <p> When we admire the foremost apostle through whom 3000 were added to the church on Pentecost, let us not forget that, without Andrew, Simon would never have become Peter. So well known was his love for souls, that when certain Greeks desired to see Jesus, Andrew was the person to whom [[Philip]] (whose name also is Greek, and who, like Andrew, when called, in turn called Nathanael) brought them. Then he and Philip (the two whose names imply connection with the Greeks; an interesting coincidence, and who had shown their zeal for conversions) brought them to Jesus (&nbsp;John 1:43-46; &nbsp;John 12:20-22). Andrew had his faults too; he shared in the disciples' unbelief when Jesus tried their faith, "Whence shall we buy bread that these (5000) may eat?" (John 6). Andrew answered, "There is a lad here that hath five barley loaves and two small fish, but what are they among so many?" </p> <p> Even here he suggests a supply, but with defective faith. Andrew was one of the four who asked Jesus privately, "When shall these things be, and what is the sign of [[Thy]] coming and the end of the world?" Andrew was not elsewhere admitted to the private interviews which Peter, John, and James enjoyed: at the raising of [[Jairus]] daughter, the transfiguration, and Gethsemane. In &nbsp;Matthew 10:2 and &nbsp;Luke 6:14 Andrew is next after Peter; but in &nbsp;Mark 3:10; &nbsp;Acts 1:14, after the first and foremost three, Peter, James, and John, and before his Greek-named associate Philip. [[Eusebius]] makes him after Christ's ascension preach in Scythia; Jerome, in Greece; where tradition makes him to have been crucified on a '''''Crux Decussata''''' , an X-shaped cross. </p>

<p> [[Andrew]] ( ''Ăn'Dru'' ), ''Manly.'' One of the apostles, the brother—whether older or younger is not known—of Simon Peter, with whom it would seem he lived. &nbsp;Mark 1:29. He was of Bethsaida, and became one of the disciples of John the Baptist, at whose word he followed Jesus, and afterwards brought his brother Simon. &nbsp;John 1:40-44. The order in which Andrew is named varies in different places; but generally he stands next after the three chiefs, and is associated with Philip. There are but a few scattered notices of him in the evangelic history. &nbsp;Mark 13:3; &nbsp;John 6:8-9; &nbsp;John 12:22. After the resurrection he is enumerated with the rest of the eleven (&nbsp;Acts 1:13); and then we hear no more of mm. Tradition has been busy with his later history; and he is said to have been crucified at Patræ in Achaia, on a cross formed like the letter X, which has hence been called "St. Andrew's Cross." </p>

<p> ''''' an´droo ''''' ( Ἀνδρέας , <i> ''''' Andréas ''''' </i> , i.e. "manly." The name has also been interpreted as "the mighty one, or conqueror"): Andrew was the first called of the Twelve Apostles. </p> I. In New [[Testament]] <p> 1. Early History and First Call </p> <p> Andrew belonged to Bethsaida of Galilee (compare &nbsp;John 1:44 ). He was the brother of Simon Peter and his father's name was John (compare &nbsp;John 1:42; &nbsp;John 21:15 , &nbsp;John 21:16 , &nbsp;John 21:17 ). He occupies a more prominent place in the Gospel of Jn than in the synoptical writings, and this is explicable at least in part from the fact that Andrew was Greek both in language and sympathies (compare <i> infra </i> ), and that his subsequent labors were intimately connected with the people for whom Jn was immediately writing. There are three stages in the call of Andrew to the apostleship. The first is described in &nbsp;John 1:35-40 . Andrew had spent his earlier years as a fisherman on the Sea of Galilee, but on learning of the fame of John the Baptist, he departed along with a band of his countrymen to [[Bethabara]] (the Revised Version (British and American) "Bethany") beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing (&nbsp;John 1:28 ). Possibly Jesus was of their number, or had preceded them in their pilgrimage. There Andrew learned for the first time of the greatness of the "Lamb of God" and "followed him" (&nbsp;John 1:40 ). He was the means at this time of bringing his brother Simon Peter also to Christ (&nbsp;John 1:41 ). Andrew was probably a companion of Jesus on his return journey to Galilee, and was thus present at the marriage in [[Cana]] of Galilee (&nbsp;John 2:2 ), in Capernaum (&nbsp;John 2:12 ), at the [[Passover]] in [[Jerusalem]] (&nbsp;John 2:13 ), at the baptizing in [[Judea]] (&nbsp;John 3:22 ), where he himself may have taken part (compare &nbsp;John 4:2 ), and in [[Samaria]] (&nbsp;John 4:5 ). </p> <p> 2. Second Call and Final [[Ordination]] </p> <p> On his return to Galilee, Andrew resumed for a time his old vocation as fisherman, till he received his second call. This happened after John the Baptist was cast into prison (compare &nbsp;Mark 1:14; &nbsp;Matthew 4:12 ) and is described in &nbsp;Mark 1:16-18; &nbsp;Matthew 4:18 , &nbsp;Matthew 4:19 . The two accounts are practically identical, and tell how Andrew and his brother were now called on definitely to forsake their mundane occupations and become fishers of men (&nbsp;Mark 1:17 ). The corresponding narrative of Luke varies in part; it does not mention Andrew by name, and gives the additional detail of the miraculous draught of fishes. By some it has been regarded as an amalgamation of Mark's account with &nbsp;John 21:1-8 (see [[James]] , Son Of [[Zebedee]] ). After a period of companionship with Jesus, during which, in the house of Simon and Andrew, Simon's wife's mother was healed of a fever (&nbsp;Mark 1:29-31; compare &nbsp;Matthew 8:14 , &nbsp;Matthew 8:15; &nbsp;Luke 4:38 , &nbsp;Luke 4:39 ); the call of Andrew was finally consecrated by his election as one of the Twelve Apostles (&nbsp;Matthew 10:2; &nbsp;Mark 3:18; &nbsp;Luke 6:14; &nbsp;Acts 1:13 ). </p> <p> 3. Subsequent History </p> <p> Further incidents recorded of Andrew are: At the feeding of the five thousand by the Sea of Galilee, the attention of Jesus was drawn by Andrew to the lad with five sequent barley loaves and two fishes (Jn 6 History 8.9). At the feast of the Passover, the Greeks who wished to "see Jesus" inquired of Philip, who turned for advice to Andrew, and the two then told Jesus (Jn 12:20-36). On the Mount of Olives, Andrew along with Peter, James and John, questioned Jesus regarding the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the world (Mk 13:3-23; compare also Mt 24:3-28; Lk 21:5-24). </p> II. In Apocryphal Literature <p> The name of Andrew's mother was traditionally Joanna, and according to the "Genealogies of the Twelve Apostles" (Budge, <i> Contendings of the Apostles </i> , II, 49) he belonged to the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of his father. A fragment of a [[Coptic]] gospel of the 4th or 5th century tells how not only [[Thomas]] (&nbsp;John 20:27 ), but also Andrew was compelled, by touching the feet of the risen Saviour, to believe in the bodily resurrection (Hennecke, <i> Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen </i> , etc., 38, 39). Various places were assigned as the scene of his subsequent missionary labors. The [[Syriac]] <i> Teaching of the Apostles </i> (ed Cureton, 34) mentions Bithynia, Eusebius gives Scythia ( <i> Historia Ecclesiastica </i> , III, i, 1), and others [[Greece]] (Lipsius, <i> Apokryphen Apostelgeschichten </i> , I, 63). The Muratorian Fragment relates that John wrote his gospel in consequence of a revelation given to Andrew, and this would point to [[Ephesus]] (compare Hennecke id, 459). The <i> Contendings of the Twelve Apostles </i> (for historicity, authorship, etc., of this work, compare Budge, <i> Contendings of the Apostles </i> , Intro; Hennecke, <i> Handbuch </i> <i> zu den neutestamentlichen Apokryphen </i> , 351-58; RE, 664-66) contains several parts dealing with Andrew: (1) "The [[Preaching]] of Andrew and Philemon among the Kurds" (Budge, Ii 163ff) narrates the appearance of the risen Christ to His disciples, the sending of Andrew to [[Lydia]] and his conversion of the people there. (2) The "Preaching of [[Matthias]] in the City of the Cannibals" (Budge, II, 267ff; Reh , 666) tells of how Matthias, on being imprisoned and blinded by the Cannibals, was released by Andrew, who had been brought to his assistance in a ship by Christ, but the two were afterward again imprisoned. Matthias then caused the city to be inundated, the disciples were set free, and the people converted. (3) "The Acts of Andrew and Bartholomew" (Budge, II, 183ff) gives an account of their mission among the Parthians. (4) According to the "Martyrdom of Andrew" (Budge, II, 215) he was stoned and crucified in Scythia. </p> <p> According to the surviving fragments of "The Acts of Andrew," a heretical work dating probably from the 2nd century, and referred to by Eusebius ( <i> Historia Ecclesiastica </i> , III, ii, 5), the scene of Andrew's death was laid in Achaia. There he was imprisoned and crucified by order of the proconsul Eges (or Aegeates), whose wife had been estranged from him by the preaching of Andrew (compare Hennecke, 459-73; Pick, <i> Apocryphal Acts </i> , 201-21; Lipsius, I, 543-622). A so-called "Gospel of Andrew" mentioned by [[Innocent]] I (Ep, I, iii, 7) and [[Augustine]] ( <i> [[Contra]] Advers. Leg. et [[Prophet]] </i> ., I, 20), but this is probably due to a confusion with the above-mentioned "Acts of Andrew." </p> <p> The relics of Andrew were discovered in [[Constantinople]] in the time of Justinian, and part of his cross is now in Peter's, Rome. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, whither his arm is said to have been transferred by Regulus. The ascription to him of the decussate cross is of late origin. </p> III. Character <p> There is something significant in Andrew's being the first called of the apostles. The choice was an important one, for upon the lead given by Andrew depended the action of the others. Christ perceived that the soul's unrest, the straining after higher things and a deeper knowledge of God, which had induced Andrew to make the pilgrimage to Bethany, gave promise of a rich spiritual growth, which no doubt influenced Him in His decision. His wisdom and insight were justified of the after event. Along with a keenness of perception regarding spiritual truths was coupled in Andrew a strong sense of personal conviction which enabled him not only to accept Jesus as the Messiah, but to win Peter also as a disciple of Christ. The incident of the Feeding of the Five Thousand displayed Andrew in a fresh aspect: there the practical part which he played formed a striking contrast to the feeble-mindedness of Philip. Both these traits - his missionary spirit, and his decision of character which made others appeal to him when in difficulties - were evinced at the time when the Greeks sought to interview Jesus. Andrew was not one of the greatest of the apostles, yet he is typical of those men of broad sympathies and sound common sense, without whom the success of any great movement cannot be assured. </p>

<p> ( '''''Ἀνδρέας''''' '', Manly'' ) '','' one of the twelve apostles. His name is of Greek origin (Athen. 15:675; 7:312), but was in use among the later [[Jews]] (Josephus, ''Ant. 1'' 2, 2, 2; see [[Dio]] Cass. 68, 32; comp. Died. Sic. ''Excerpta Vat.'' p. 14, ed. Lips.), as appears from a passage quoted from the Jerusalem [[Talmud]] by Lightfoot (Harmony, &nbsp;Luke 5:10). He was a native of the city of Bethsaida in Galilee (&nbsp;John 1:44), and brother of Simon Peter (&nbsp;Matthew 4:18; &nbsp;Matthew 10:2; &nbsp;John 1:41). He was at first a disciple of John the Baptist (&nbsp;John 1:39), and was led to receive Jesus as the Messiah in consequence of John's expressly pointing him out as "the Lamb of God" (&nbsp;John 1:36), A.D. 26. His first care, after he had satisfied himself as to the validity of the claims of Jesus, was to bring to him his brother Simon. Neither of them, however, became at that time stated attendants on our Lord; for we find that thley were still pursuing their occupation as fishermen on the Sea of Galilee when Jesus, after John's imprisonment, called them to follow him (&nbsp;Matthew 4:18 sq.; &nbsp;Mark 1:16-17). A.D. 27. (See Peter). </p> <p> In two of the lists of the apostles (&nbsp;Matthew 10:2; &nbsp;Luke 6:13) he is named in the first pai with Peter, but in &nbsp;Mark 3:18, in connection with Philip, and in &nbsp;Acts 1:13, With James. In accompanying Jesus he appears as one of the confidential disciples (&nbsp;Mark 13:3; &nbsp;John 6:8; &nbsp;John 12:22), but he is by no means to be confounded (as by Lutzelberger, ''Kirchl. Tradit. Iber Joh.'' p. 199 sq.) with the [[Beloved Disciple]] of the fourth Gospel (see Licke, ''Comm. Lib. Joh.'' 1, 653 sq.; Maier, Conzm. zu Joh. 1, 43 sq.). Very little is related of Andrew by any of the evangelists: the principal incidents in which his name occurs during the life of Christ are the feeding of the five thousand (&nbsp;John 6:9), his introducing to our Lord certain Greeks who desired to see him (&nbsp;John 12:22), and his asking, along with his brother Simon and the two sons of Zebedee, for a further explanation of what our Lord had said in reference to the destruction of the temple (&nbsp;Mark 13:3). Of his subsequent history and labors we have no authentic record. Tradition assigns Scythia (Eusebius, 3, 71), Greece (Theodoret, 1, 1425; Jerome, Ep. 148 ad Maarc.), and, at a later date, Asia Minor, Thrace (Hippolytus, 2:30), and elsewhere (Niceph. 2:39), as the scenes of his ministry. It is supposed that he founded a church in Constantinople, and ordained [[Stachys]] (q.v.), named by Paul (&nbsp;Romans 16:9), as its first bishop. At length, the tradition states, he came to Patrae, a city of Achaia, where ''A'' Egeas, the proconsul, enraged at his persisting to preach, commanded him to join in sacrifices to the heathen gods; and upon the apostle's refusal, he ordered him to be severely scourged and then crucified. To make his death the more lingering, he was fastened to the cross, not with nails, but with cords. Having hung two days, praising God, and exhorting the spectators to the faith, he is said to have expired on the 30th of November, but in what year is uncertain. The cross is stated to have been of the form called Crux decussata (X), and commonly known as "St. Andrew's cross;" but this is doubted by some (see Lepsius, De cruce, 1, 7; Sagittar. De cruciatib. martyr. 8, 12). His relics, it is said, were afterward removed from Patrae to Constantinople. (Comp. generally Fabric. Cod. Apocryph. 1, 456 sq.; Salut. [[Lux]] Evang. p. 98 sq.; Menolog. Grecor. 1, 221 sq.; Perionii Vit. Apostol. p. 82 sq.; Andr. de Sassy, Andreas frater Petri, Par. 1646.) (See Apostle). </p> <p> An apocryphal book, bearing the title of "The Acts of Andrew," is mentioned by Eusebius (3, 25), [[Epiphanius]] (Haer. 46, 1; 63:1), and others. It seems never to have been received except by some heretical sects, as the Encratites, Origenians, etc; (Fabric. Cod. Apocryph. 2, 747; Kleuker, Ueb. die Apocr. d. N.T. p. 331 sq.). This book, as well as a "Gospel of St. Andrew," was declared apocryphal by the decree of [[Pope]] Gelasius (Jones, On the Canon, 1, 179 sq.). Tischendorf has published the Greek text of a work bearing the title "Acts of Andrew," and also of one entitled "Acts of Andrew and Matthew" (Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, Lpz. 1841). See Hammerschmid, Andreas descriptus (Prag. 1699); Hanke, De [[Andrea]] apostolo (Lips. 1698); Lemmius, Memoria Andreae apostoli (Viteb. 1705); Woog, Presbyterorum et diaconorum Achaice de martyrio S. Andrece epistola (Lips. 1749). (See Spurious Acts); (See Spurious Gospels). </p>