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Difference between revisions of "Alexander"

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== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_34295" /> ==
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_34295" /> ==
<p> '''1.''' ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Born at Pella, 356 B.C., son of Philip, king of Macedon; not named, but described prophetically: "an he-goat" '')Symbol Of Ogility, The Graeco-Macedonian Empire)'' coming from the W. on the face of the whole earth and not touching the ground ''(Implying The [[Incredible]] Swiftness Of His Conquests)'' ; and the goat had A [[Notable]] HORN ''(Alexander)'' between his eyes, and he came to the ram that had two horns ''(Media And Persia, The Second Great World Kingdom, The Successor Of Babylon; Under Both Daniel [[Prophesied]] Long Before The [[Rise]] Of The Macedon-Greek Kingdom)'' standing before the river ''(At The River Granicus Alexander [[Gained]] His First [[Victory]] Over Darius Codomanus, 334 B.C.)'' and ran unto him in the fury of his power, moved with choler against him ''(On Account Of The Persian Invasions Of [[Greece]] And Cruelties To The Greeks)'' , and smote the ram and broke his two horns; and there was no power in the ram to stand before him; but he cast him down to the ground and stamped upon him, and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand: therefore the he-goat waxed very great, and when he was strong the great horn was broken, and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven" (&nbsp;Daniel 8:5-8). </p> <p> The "he-goat" answers to the "leopard" (&nbsp;Daniel 7:6) whose "wings" similarly marked the winged rapidity of the Greek conquest of Persia. In 331 B.C. Alexander finally defeated Darius, and in 330 burned Persepolis, the Persian capital. None, not even the million composing the Persian hosts, could deliver the ram, Persia, out of his hand. But "when he was strong, the great horn ''Alexander'' was broken." The Graeco-Macedonian empire was in full strength at Alexander's death by fever, the result of drunken excesses, at Babylon. At the time it seemed least likely to fall it was "broken." Alexander's natural brother, [[Philip]] Aridaeus, and his two sons Alexander AEgus and Hercules, in 15 months were murdered; "and for it ''The He-Goat'' came up four notable ones, toward the four winds of heaven": [[Seleucus]] in the E. obtained Syria, Babylonia, Mede-Persia; [[Cassander]] in the W. Macedon, Thessaly, Greece; [[Ptolemy]] in the S. Egypt, Cyprus, etc.; [[Lysimachus]] in the N. Thrace, Cappadocia, and the northern regions of Asia Minor. </p> <p> The" leopard" is smaller than the "lion" (&nbsp;Daniel 7:4; &nbsp;Daniel 7:6); swift (&nbsp;Habakkuk 1:8), cruel (&nbsp;Isaiah 11:6), springing suddenly on its prey (&nbsp;Hosea 13:7). So Alexander, king of a small kingdom, overcame Darius at the head of an empire extending from the AEgean sea to the Indies, and in 12 years attained the rule from the Adriatic to the Ganges. Hence the leopard has four wings, whereas the lion (Babylon) had but two. The "spots" imply the variety of nations incorporated, perhaps also the variability of Alexander's own character, by turns mild and cruel, temperate and drunken and licentious. "Dominion was given to it" by God, not by Alexander's own might; for how unlikely it was that 30,000 men should overthrow hundreds of thousands. [[Josephus]] (Ant. 11:8, section 5) says that Alexander meeting the high priest [[Jaddua]] (&nbsp;Nehemiah 12:11-22) said that at Dium in [[Macedonia]] he had a divine vision so habited, inviting him to Asia and promising him success. </p> <p> Jaddua met him at Gapha (Mizpeh) at the head of a procession of priests and citizens in white. Alexander at the sight of the linen arrayed priests, and the high priest in blue and gold with the miter and gold plate on his head bearing Jehovah's name, adored it, and embraced him; and having been shown Daniel's prophecies concerning him, he sacrificed to God in the court of the temple, and granted the Jews liberty to live according to their own laws, and freedom from tribute in the sabbatical years. The story is doubted, from its not being alluded to in secular histories: Arrian, Plutarch, Diodorus, Curtius. But their silence may be accounted for, as they notoriously despised the Jews. The main fact is strongly probable. It accords with Alexander's character of believing himself divinely chosen for the great mission of Greece to the civilized world, to join the east and west in a union of equality, with [[Babylon]] as the capital. </p> <p> "Many kings of the East met him wearing (linen) fillets" (Justin). Jews were in his army. Jews were a strong element in the population of that city which he founded and which still bears his name, Alexandria. The remission of tribute every sabbatical year existed in later times, and the story best explains the privilege. When [[Aristotle]] urged him to treat the Greeks as freemen and the Orientals as slaves, he declared that "his mission from God was to be the more fit together and reconciler of the whole world in its several parts." Arrian says: "Alexander was like no other man, and could not have been given to the world without the special interposition of God." </p> <p> He was the providential instrument of breaking down the barrier wall between kingdom and kingdom, of bringing the contemplative east and the energetic west into mutually beneficial contact. The Greek language, that most perfect medium of human thought, became widely diffused, so that a Greek version of the Old [[Testament]] was needed and made (the Septuagint) for the Greek speaking Jews at [[Alexandria]] and elsewhere in a succeeding generation; and the fittest lingual vehicle for imparting the New Testament to mankind soon came to be the language generally known by the cultivated of every land. [[Commerce]] followed the breaking down of national exclusiveness, and everywhere the Jews had their synagogues for prayer and reading of the Old Testament in the leading cities. preparing the way and the place for the proclamation of the gospel, which rests on the Old Testament, to the Jews first, and then to the Gentiles. </p> <p> '''2.''' Son of Simon of [[Cyrene]] (&nbsp;Mark 15:21). He and his brother [[Rufus]] are spoken of as well known in the [[Christian]] church. </p> <p> '''3.''' A kinsman of [[Annas]] the high priest (&nbsp;Acts 4:6); supposed the same as Alexander the alabarch (governor of the Jews) at Alexandria, brother of Philo-Judaeus, an ancient friend of the emperor Claudius. </p> <p> '''4.''' A Jew whom the Jews put forward during Demetrius' riot at [[Ephesus]] to plead their cause before the mob who suspected that the Jews were joined with the [[Christians]] in seeking to overthrow Diana's worship (&nbsp;Acts 19:33). Calvin thought him a convert to [[Christianity]] from Judaism, whom the Jews would have sacrificed as a victim to the fury of the rabble. </p> <p> '''5.''' The coppersmith at Ephesus who did Paul much evil. Paul had previously "delivered him to Satan" (the lord of all outside the church) (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 5:5; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 12:7), i.e. excommunicated, because he withstood the apostle, and made shipwreck of faith and of good conscience, and even blasphemed, with Hymenaeus. The excommunication often brought with it temporal judgment, as sickness, to bring the excommunicated to repentance (&nbsp;1 Timothy 1:20; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:14-15). </p>
<p> '''1.''' ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Born at Pella, 356 B.C., son of Philip, king of Macedon; not named, but described prophetically: "an he-goat" '')Symbol Of Ogility, The Graeco-Macedonian Empire)'' coming from the W. on the face of the whole earth and not touching the ground ''(Implying The [[Incredible]] Swiftness Of His Conquests)'' ; and the goat had A [[Notable]] HORN ''(Alexander)'' between his eyes, and he came to the ram that had two horns ''(Media And Persia, The Second Great World Kingdom, The Successor Of Babylon; Under Both Daniel [[Prophesied]] Long Before The [[Rise]] Of The Macedon-Greek Kingdom)'' standing before the river ''(At The River Granicus Alexander [[Gained]] His First [[Victory]] Over Darius Codomanus, 334 B.C.)'' and ran unto him in the fury of his power, moved with choler against him ''(On Account Of The Persian Invasions Of [[Greece]] And Cruelties To The Greeks)'' , and smote the ram and broke his two horns; and there was no power in the ram to stand before him; but he cast him down to the ground and stamped upon him, and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand: therefore the he-goat waxed very great, and when he was strong the great horn was broken, and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven" (&nbsp;Daniel 8:5-8). </p> <p> The "he-goat" answers to the "leopard" (&nbsp;Daniel 7:6) whose "wings" similarly marked the winged rapidity of the Greek conquest of Persia. In 331 B.C. Alexander finally defeated Darius, and in 330 burned Persepolis, the Persian capital. None, not even the million composing the Persian hosts, could deliver the ram, Persia, out of his hand. But "when he was strong, the great horn [[Alexander]] was broken." The Graeco-Macedonian empire was in full strength at Alexander's death by fever, the result of drunken excesses, at Babylon. At the time it seemed least likely to fall it was "broken." Alexander's natural brother, [[Philip]] Aridaeus, and his two sons Alexander AEgus and Hercules, in 15 months were murdered; "and for it ''The He-Goat'' came up four notable ones, toward the four winds of heaven": [[Seleucus]] in the E. obtained Syria, Babylonia, Mede-Persia; [[Cassander]] in the W. Macedon, Thessaly, Greece; [[Ptolemy]] in the S. Egypt, Cyprus, etc.; [[Lysimachus]] in the N. Thrace, Cappadocia, and the northern regions of Asia Minor. </p> <p> The" leopard" is smaller than the "lion" (&nbsp;Daniel 7:4; &nbsp;Daniel 7:6); swift (&nbsp;Habakkuk 1:8), cruel (&nbsp;Isaiah 11:6), springing suddenly on its prey (&nbsp;Hosea 13:7). So Alexander, king of a small kingdom, overcame Darius at the head of an empire extending from the AEgean sea to the Indies, and in 12 years attained the rule from the Adriatic to the Ganges. Hence the leopard has four wings, whereas the lion (Babylon) had but two. The "spots" imply the variety of nations incorporated, perhaps also the variability of Alexander's own character, by turns mild and cruel, temperate and drunken and licentious. "Dominion was given to it" by God, not by Alexander's own might; for how unlikely it was that 30,000 men should overthrow hundreds of thousands. [[Josephus]] (Ant. 11:8, section 5) says that Alexander meeting the high priest [[Jaddua]] (&nbsp;Nehemiah 12:11-22) said that at Dium in [[Macedonia]] he had a divine vision so habited, inviting him to Asia and promising him success. </p> <p> Jaddua met him at Gapha (Mizpeh) at the head of a procession of priests and citizens in white. Alexander at the sight of the linen arrayed priests, and the high priest in blue and gold with the miter and gold plate on his head bearing Jehovah's name, adored it, and embraced him; and having been shown Daniel's prophecies concerning him, he sacrificed to God in the court of the temple, and granted the Jews liberty to live according to their own laws, and freedom from tribute in the sabbatical years. The story is doubted, from its not being alluded to in secular histories: Arrian, Plutarch, Diodorus, Curtius. But their silence may be accounted for, as they notoriously despised the Jews. The main fact is strongly probable. It accords with Alexander's character of believing himself divinely chosen for the great mission of Greece to the civilized world, to join the east and west in a union of equality, with [[Babylon]] as the capital. </p> <p> "Many kings of the East met him wearing (linen) fillets" (Justin). Jews were in his army. Jews were a strong element in the population of that city which he founded and which still bears his name, Alexandria. The remission of tribute every sabbatical year existed in later times, and the story best explains the privilege. When [[Aristotle]] urged him to treat the Greeks as freemen and the Orientals as slaves, he declared that "his mission from God was to be the more fit together and reconciler of the whole world in its several parts." Arrian says: "Alexander was like no other man, and could not have been given to the world without the special interposition of God." </p> <p> He was the providential instrument of breaking down the barrier wall between kingdom and kingdom, of bringing the contemplative east and the energetic west into mutually beneficial contact. The Greek language, that most perfect medium of human thought, became widely diffused, so that a Greek version of the Old [[Testament]] was needed and made (the Septuagint) for the Greek speaking Jews at [[Alexandria]] and elsewhere in a succeeding generation; and the fittest lingual vehicle for imparting the New Testament to mankind soon came to be the language generally known by the cultivated of every land. [[Commerce]] followed the breaking down of national exclusiveness, and everywhere the Jews had their synagogues for prayer and reading of the Old Testament in the leading cities. preparing the way and the place for the proclamation of the gospel, which rests on the Old Testament, to the Jews first, and then to the Gentiles. </p> <p> '''2.''' Son of Simon of [[Cyrene]] (&nbsp;Mark 15:21). He and his brother [[Rufus]] are spoken of as well known in the [[Christian]] church. </p> <p> '''3.''' A kinsman of [[Annas]] the high priest (&nbsp;Acts 4:6); supposed the same as Alexander the alabarch (governor of the Jews) at Alexandria, brother of Philo-Judaeus, an ancient friend of the emperor Claudius. </p> <p> '''4.''' A Jew whom the Jews put forward during Demetrius' riot at [[Ephesus]] to plead their cause before the mob who suspected that the Jews were joined with the [[Christians]] in seeking to overthrow Diana's worship (&nbsp;Acts 19:33). Calvin thought him a convert to [[Christianity]] from Judaism, whom the Jews would have sacrificed as a victim to the fury of the rabble. </p> <p> '''5.''' The coppersmith at Ephesus who did Paul much evil. Paul had previously "delivered him to Satan" (the lord of all outside the church) (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 5:5; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 12:7), i.e. excommunicated, because he withstood the apostle, and made shipwreck of faith and of good conscience, and even blasphemed, with Hymenaeus. The excommunication often brought with it temporal judgment, as sickness, to bring the excommunicated to repentance (&nbsp;1 Timothy 1:20; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:14-15). </p>
          
          
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54939" /> ==
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54939" /> ==
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== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_69553" /> ==
== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_69553" /> ==
<p> '''Alexander''' (''Ăl-Egz-Ăn'Der'' ), ''Strong Man,'' or ''Helper Of Men.'' 1. The son of Simon. &nbsp;Mark 15:21. 2. A member of the council. &nbsp;Acts 4:6. 3. A Jew of Ephesus. &nbsp;Acts 19:34. 4. A coppersmith, and an apostate from Christianity. &nbsp;1 Timothy 1:19-20; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:14. </p>
<p> [[Alexander]] (''Ăl-Egz-Ăn'Der'' ), ''Strong Man,'' or ''Helper Of Men.'' 1. The son of Simon. &nbsp;Mark 15:21. 2. A member of the council. &nbsp;Acts 4:6. 3. A Jew of Ephesus. &nbsp;Acts 19:34. 4. A coppersmith, and an apostate from Christianity. &nbsp;1 Timothy 1:19-20; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:14. </p>
          
          
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_38165" /> ==
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_38165" /> ==