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Difference between revisions of "Air"
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== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54921" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54921" /> == | ||
<p> The apostles, like other [[Jews]] of their time, regarded the air as a region between earth and the higher heavens, inhabited by spirits, especially evil spirits. In Ephesians 2:2 the air is the abode or Satan (see below); in Ephesians 6:12 ‘the heavenlies’ (τὰ ἐπουράνια)-a vague phrase used also in Ephesians 1:3; Ephesians 1:20; Ephesians 2:6; Ephesians 3:10 to denote the heavenly or spiritual sphere, the unseen universe*[Note: The Peshiṭta renders it ‘in heaven,’ except in Ephesians 6:12 when it significantly has ‘under heaven.’]-is where the wrestling of the [[Christian]] against the spiritual hosts of wickedness takes place, and is apparently in this ease equivalent to ‘this darkness’ (cf. Luke 22:53, Colossians 1:13 ‘power of darkness,’ <i> i.e. </i> tyranny of evil). In Revelation 12:7 the war between [[Michael]] and the dragon is in ‘heaven.’ This can hardly refer to the first rebellion of Satan, nor yet can we with [[Bede]] interpret ‘heaven’ as the Church; but rather the righting is in the heavens, a struggle of Satan to regain his lost place, ended by his final expulsion. ‘As the [[Incarnation]] called forth a counter-manifestation of diabolic power on earth, so after the [[Ascension]] the attack is supposed to be carried into heaven’ (Swete, <i> Com. in loc </i> .). But the conception is not unlike that of St. Paul as noted above. </p> <p> There are several parallels to these passages in that class of literature which is thought to be a Christian rehandling of [[Jewish]] apocalyptic writings. In the <i> Testaments of the XII. [[Patriarchs]] </i> ( <i> q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] </i> ) we read of the ‘aerial spirit Beliar’ (Benj. 3). In the <i> Ascension of Isaiah </i> ( <i> q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] </i> ) there is described an ascent ‘into the firmament,’ where were [[Sammael]] and his powers, and there was a great fight (vii. 9); Christ descends from the lowest heaven to the firmament where was continual warfare, and takes the form of the angels of the air (x. 29). In the Slavonic <i> Secrets of [[Enoch]] </i> the apostate angels are suspended in the second heaven awaiting the Last [[Judgment]] (§ 7; see Thackeray, <i> Relation of St. Paul to Contemp. Jewish [[Thought]] </i> , London, 1900, p. 176f.). These works in their present form probably date from the latter part of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd cent. a.d. The ideas seem to have had much currency among Christians, for we find [[Athanasius]] ( <i> de Incarn </i> . 25) speaking of the devil having fallen from heaven and wandering about ‘our lower atmosphere,’ ‘there bearing rule over his fellow-spirits …,’ ‘while the Lord came to cast down the devil, and clear the air and prepare the way for us up into heaven.’ </p> <p> The <b> prince of the power of the air </b> ( Ephesians 2:2) is Satan. That he had authority over the evil spirits whose abode is in the air was the general Jewish belief, except among the Sadducees. St. Paul does not, however, here say ‘powers of the air,’ <i> i.e. </i> evil spirits, but the ‘air-power’ or ‘air-tyranny’ (for this meaning of ἐξουσία see Lightfoot’s note on Colossians 1:13). Satan is the arch-tyrant whose abode is in the air. </p> <p> Literature.-See articleDemon. </p> <p> | <p> The apostles, like other [[Jews]] of their time, regarded the air as a region between earth and the higher heavens, inhabited by spirits, especially evil spirits. In Ephesians 2:2 the air is the abode or Satan (see below); in Ephesians 6:12 ‘the heavenlies’ (τὰ ἐπουράνια)-a vague phrase used also in Ephesians 1:3; Ephesians 1:20; Ephesians 2:6; Ephesians 3:10 to denote the heavenly or spiritual sphere, the unseen universe*[Note: The Peshiṭta renders it ‘in heaven,’ except in Ephesians 6:12 when it significantly has ‘under heaven.’]-is where the wrestling of the [[Christian]] against the spiritual hosts of wickedness takes place, and is apparently in this ease equivalent to ‘this darkness’ (cf. Luke 22:53, Colossians 1:13 ‘power of darkness,’ <i> i.e. </i> tyranny of evil). In Revelation 12:7 the war between [[Michael]] and the dragon is in ‘heaven.’ This can hardly refer to the first rebellion of Satan, nor yet can we with [[Bede]] interpret ‘heaven’ as the Church; but rather the righting is in the heavens, a struggle of Satan to regain his lost place, ended by his final expulsion. ‘As the [[Incarnation]] called forth a counter-manifestation of diabolic power on earth, so after the [[Ascension]] the attack is supposed to be carried into heaven’ (Swete, <i> Com. in loc </i> .). But the conception is not unlike that of St. Paul as noted above. </p> <p> There are several parallels to these passages in that class of literature which is thought to be a Christian rehandling of [[Jewish]] apocalyptic writings. In the <i> Testaments of the XII. [[Patriarchs]] </i> ( <i> q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] </i> ) we read of the ‘aerial spirit Beliar’ (Benj. 3). In the <i> Ascension of Isaiah </i> ( <i> q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] </i> ) there is described an ascent ‘into the firmament,’ where were [[Sammael]] and his powers, and there was a great fight (vii. 9); Christ descends from the lowest heaven to the firmament where was continual warfare, and takes the form of the angels of the air (x. 29). In the Slavonic <i> Secrets of [[Enoch]] </i> the apostate angels are suspended in the second heaven awaiting the Last [[Judgment]] (§ 7; see Thackeray, <i> Relation of St. Paul to Contemp. Jewish [[Thought]] </i> , London, 1900, p. 176f.). These works in their present form probably date from the latter part of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd cent. a.d. The ideas seem to have had much currency among Christians, for we find [[Athanasius]] ( <i> de Incarn </i> . 25) speaking of the devil having fallen from heaven and wandering about ‘our lower atmosphere,’ ‘there bearing rule over his fellow-spirits …,’ ‘while the Lord came to cast down the devil, and clear the air and prepare the way for us up into heaven.’ </p> <p> The <b> prince of the power of the air </b> ( Ephesians 2:2) is Satan. That he had authority over the evil spirits whose abode is in the air was the general Jewish belief, except among the Sadducees. St. Paul does not, however, here say ‘powers of the air,’ <i> i.e. </i> evil spirits, but the ‘air-power’ or ‘air-tyranny’ (for this meaning of ἐξουσία see Lightfoot’s note on Colossians 1:13). Satan is the arch-tyrant whose abode is in the air. </p> <p> Literature.-See articleDemon. </p> <p> A. J. Maclean. </p> | ||
== King James Dictionary <ref name="term_57981" /> == | == King James Dictionary <ref name="term_57981" /> == | ||
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== Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_76636" /> == | == Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_76636" /> == | ||
<div> '''1: '''''Ἀήρ''''' ''' (Strong'S #109 | <div> '''1: '''''Ἀήρ''''' ''' (Strong'S #109 — noun, masculine — aer — ah-ayr' ) </div> <p> Eng., "air," signifies "the atmosphere," certainly in five of the seven occurrences, Acts 22:23; 1—Corinthians 9:26; 14:9; Revelation 9:2; 16:17 , and almost certainly in the other two, Ephesians 2:2; 1—Thessalonians 4:17 . </p> <div> '''2: '''''Οὐρανός''''' ''' (Strong'S #3772 — — ouranos — oo-ran-os' ) </div> <p> denotes "the heaven." The RV always renders it "heaven." The AV translates it "air" in Matthew 8:20 . In the phrase "the fowls (or birds) of the heaven" the AV always has "air;" "sky" in Matthew 16:2,3; Luke 12:56; in all other instances "heaven." The word is probably derived from a root meaning to cover or encompass. See [[Heaven]] , Sky. </p> | ||
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_64798" /> == | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_64798" /> == | ||
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== Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types <ref name="term_197415" /> == | == Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types <ref name="term_197415" /> == | ||
<p> 1 Corinthians 9:26 (a) This refers to the actions of one who wastes his life in busy idleness or in useless, fruitless endeavor. </p> <p> Ephesians 2:2 (a) Here is meant the space between Heaven and earth through which the prayers of GOD's people must pass, and through which the saints must go on their way home to GOD. The Spirit of GOD must take our prayers through the opposition of evil spirits up to the [[Throne]] of GOD and the Lord | <p> 1 Corinthians 9:26 (a) This refers to the actions of one who wastes his life in busy idleness or in useless, fruitless endeavor. </p> <p> Ephesians 2:2 (a) Here is meant the space between Heaven and earth through which the prayers of GOD's people must pass, and through which the saints must go on their way home to GOD. The Spirit of GOD must take our prayers through the opposition of evil spirits up to the [[Throne]] of GOD and the Lord [[Jesus]] Eventually the mighty power of GOD must take the spirits of His people through all Satanic opposition and bring them safe home to GOD. </p> | ||
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_38427" /> == | == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_38427" /> == | ||
