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== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35691" /> == | == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35691" /> == | ||
<p> Representing two distinct words: Gehenna and Ηades (Greek), Sheol | <p> Representing two distinct words: '''''Gehenna''''' and '''''Ηades''''' (Greek), '''''Sheol''''' (Hebrew). '''''Gehenna)''''' is strictly "the valley of Hinnom" ( Joshua 15:8; Nehemiah 11:30); "the valley of the children of Hinnom" ( 2 Kings 23:10); "the valley of the son of Hinnom" ( 2 Chronicles 28:3); "the valley of dead bodies," or Tophet, where malefactors' dead bodies were cast, S. of the city ( Jeremiah 31:40). A deep narrow glen S. of Jerusalem, where, after [[Ahaz]] introduced the worship of the fire gods, the sun, Baal, Moloch, the [[Jews]] under [[Manasseh]] made their children to pass through the fire ( 2 Chronicles 33:6), and offered them as burntofferings ( Jeremiah 7:31; Jeremiah 19:2-6). So the godly Josiah defiled the valley, making it a receptacle of carcass and criminals' corpses, in which worms were continually gendering. </p> <p> A perpetual fire was kept to consume this putrefying matter; hence it became the image of that awful place where all that are unfit for the holy city are cast out a prey to the ever gnawing "worm" of conscience from within and the "unquenchable fire" of torments from without. Mark 9:42-50, "their worm dieth not." implies that not only the worm but they also on whom it preys die not; the language is figurative, but it represents corresponding realities never yet experienced, and therefore capable of being conveyed to us only by figures. The phrase "forever and ever " ( '''''Eis Tous Aionas Aioonoon''''' ) occurs 20 times in New Testament: 16 times of God, once of the saints' future blessedness, the three remaining of the punishment of the wicked and of the evil one: is it likely it is used 17 times of absolute eternity, yet three times of limited eternity? </p> <p> The term for "everlasting" ( '''''Aidiois''''' ) in Judges 1:6, "the angels who kept not their first estate He hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day," is from a word meaning absolutely "always" ( '''''Aei''''' ). '''''Gehenna''''' is used by our Lord Jesus ( Matthew 5:29-30; Matthew 10:28; Matthew 23:15; Matthew 23:33; Luke 12:5); with the addition "of fire," Matthew 5:22; Matthew 18:9; Mark 9:47; and by James ( James 3:6). Our present meaning of "hell" then applies to '''''Gehenna''''' , but not to the other word '''''Ηades''''' or '''''Sheol''''' . "Hell" formerly did apply when the KJV of the Bible was written; it then meant "hole," "hollow," or unseen place. </p> <p> '''''Sheol''''' comes from a root "to make hollow," the common receptacle of the dead below the earth ( Numbers 16:30; Deuteronomy 32:22), deep ( Job 11:8), insatiable ( Isaiah 5:14; Song of [[Solomon]] 8:6). "Hell," '''''Ηades''''' , often means the "grave" ( Job 14:13). In the Old Testament time, when as yet Christ had not "abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel" ( 2 Timothy 1:10), death and the intermediate state represented by Hades suggested thoughts of gloom (as to Hezekiah, Isaiah 38:9-20), lit up however with gleams of sure hope from God's promises of the resurrection ( Psalms 16:10-11; Psalms 17:15; Isaiah 26:19; Hosea 13:14; Daniel 12:2). Hints too occur of the spirit's being with God in peace in the intermediate state ( Ecclesiastes 3:21; Ecclesiastes 12:7; Psalms 23:6; Psalms 139:8; Isaiah 57:2). </p> <p> The passages which represent '''''Ηades''''' and the grave as a place where God can no longer be praised mean simply that the physical powers are all suspended, so that God's peruses can be no longer set forth on earth among the living. The anomalous state in which man is unclothed of the body is repulsive to the mind, and had not yet the clear gospel light to make it attractive as Paul viewed it ( Philippians 1:21-23; 2 Corinthians 5:6-8). To the bad '''''Ηades''''' was depicted as a place of punishment, where God's wrath reached to the depths ( Deuteronomy 32:22; Amos 9:2; Psalms 9:17; Psalms 49:14; Isaiah 14). Thus, the unseen state even in Old Testament was regarded as having a distinction between the godly and the ungodly; Proverbs 14:32, "the wicked is driven away in his wickedness, but the righteous hath hope in his death"; so Psalm 1. </p> <p> This is further confirmed by the separation of the rich man and Lazarus, the former in "hell" ( '''''Ηades''''' ), the latter in "Abraham's bosom" ( Luke 16:23), and in the penitent thief's soul going to be with Jesus in "paradise," the word implying the recovery in heavenly bliss of the paradise lost by Adam ( Luke 23:43). " '''''Τartarus''''' ," the pagan Greek term for the place of enchainment of the Titans, rebels against God, occurs in 2 Peter 2:4 of the lost angels; the "deep," or "abyss," or "bottomless pit," ( '''''Abussos''''' ) Luke 8:31; Revelation 9:11. The firm faith and hope of an abiding heavenly city is unequivocally attributed to the patriarchs ( Hebrews 11:16-35);. so all the believing [[Israelites]] ( Acts 26:7; Acts 23:6-9). '''''Ηades''''' , "hell," is used for destruction ( Matthew 11:23; Matthew 16:18). Jesus has its keys, and will at last consign it to the lake of fire which is the second death; implying that Christ and His people shall never again be disembodied spirits. </p> <p> Revelation 1:18; Revelation 20:13-14; I can release at will from the unseen world of spirits, the anomalous state wherein the soul is severed from the body. The "spirits in prison" ( 1 Peter 3:19) mean the ungodly antediluvians shut up in this earth, one vast prison, and under sentence of death and awaiting execution ( Isaiah 24:22); not the prison of '''''Ηades''''' . (See [[Spirits In Prison]] ) It is solemnly significant of the certainty of hell that He who is Love itself has most plainly and fully warned men of it, that they may flee from it. Tophet, the scene of human immolations by fire to [[Moloch]] amidst sounds of drums ( '''''Tof''''' ) to drown the cries of the victims, symbolized the funeral pyre of Sennacherib's [[Assyrian]] army, and finally the lake of fire that shall burn for ever the lost ( Isaiah 30:33). (See [[Tophet]] .) </p> <p> In an Assyrian tablet of the goddess Ishtar, daughter of Sin, the moon goddess, '''''Ηades''''' is described as having seven gates," the house of the departed, the house from within which is no exit, the road the course of which never returns, the place within which they long for light, where dust is their nourishment and their food mud, light is never seen, in darkness they dwell, spirits like birds fill its vaults, over the door and its bolts is scattered dust!" What a contrast to the gospel ( 2 Timothy 1:10). </p> | ||
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_40825" /> == | == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_40825" /> == | ||
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== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70204" /> == | == People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70204" /> == | ||
<p> '''Hell.''' The English word hell is used to designate the place of the dead, the grave, and also the place of punishment after death and the abode of evil spirits. </p> <p> It represents four different words in the original of Scripture—''Sheôl, Hades, Gehenna,'' and ''Tartarus.'' 1. ''In The Old Testament'' it is used 31 times to render the Hebrew word ''Sheôl. Sheôl'' at first seems to have denoted the common subterranean abode of all human spirits, good and bad ( Genesis 37:35, R. V., death; Numbers 16:30), but afterward is represented as having in it two distinct regions, one for the righteous, Psalms 16:11; Psalms 17:15, the other for the wicked. Psalms 9:17; Psalms 49:14. All the dead are alike in ''Sheôl,'' hut in widely different circumstances. ''Sheôl'' is variously translated in our English Bible by the terms "hell," "pit," and "grave." In many places it is rightly translated "grave." 1 Samuel 2:6; Job 14:13, etc. ''Sheôl'' is represented as in the depths of the earth, Job 11:8; Proverbs 9:18; Isaiah 38:10, all-devouring, Proverbs 1:12, destitute of God's presence, Psalms 88:10-12, a state of forgetfulness, Psalms 6:5, insatiable, Isaiah 5:14, remorseless, Song of Solomon 8:6, and a place of silence, Ecclesiastes 9:10. </p> <p> 2. ''The New Testament.—'' The two words translated "hell" are Hades and Gehenna. Hades occurs eleven times, and is once rendered "grave," R.V.," death," 1 Corinthians 15:55; in all other places "hell." Hades does not always refer to the ultimate abode of the impenitent and the final state of exclusion from God. Matthew 16:27. After the crucifixion, our Lord descended into hades, Acts 2:27, and this is an article of the Apostles' Creed, where, however, we use wrongly the word "hell." It was in this realm that our Lord "preached to the spirits in prison." 1 Peter 3:19. </p> <p> The Greek word [[Gehenna]] occurs twelve times in Scripture. It early designated a place in the valley of Hinnom, which had been the seat of the worship of Moloch, Jeremiah 7:31; 2 Chronicles 33:6; 2 Kings 23:10, and for the deposit of the filth and dead animals of the city. Hence it was used to denote the final state and abode of lost souls. Matthew 5:29; Matthew 10:28; Matthew 23:15; James 3:6, etc. It is here that "their worm dieth not" and the "fire is not quenched." Mark 9:48. Into this realm the rebellious angels were cast, 2 Peter 2:4 (where the word is a derivative from the Greek word "Tartarus"). At the great day of judgment the cursed shall go away into this abode and receive everlasting punishment. Matthew 25:46. It is referred to by our Lord in solemn and awful tones. Matthew 5:22; Matthew 5:29-30; Matthew 10:28; Mark 9:43-48; Luke 12:5, and with such accompaniments as indicate everlasting and remediless ruin. [[Retribution]] will have degrees, Matthew 10:15, in character, but none in duration. </p> | <p> '''Hell.''' The English word hell is used to designate the place of the dead, the grave, and also the place of punishment after death and the abode of evil spirits. </p> <p> It represents four different words in the original of Scripture— ''Sheôl, Hades, Gehenna,'' and ''Tartarus.'' 1. ''In The Old Testament'' it is used 31 times to render the Hebrew word ''Sheôl. Sheôl'' at first seems to have denoted the common subterranean abode of all human spirits, good and bad ( Genesis 37:35, R. V., death; Numbers 16:30), but afterward is represented as having in it two distinct regions, one for the righteous, Psalms 16:11; Psalms 17:15, the other for the wicked. Psalms 9:17; Psalms 49:14. All the dead are alike in ''Sheôl,'' hut in widely different circumstances. ''Sheôl'' is variously translated in our English Bible by the terms "hell," "pit," and "grave." In many places it is rightly translated "grave." 1 Samuel 2:6; Job 14:13, etc. ''Sheôl'' is represented as in the depths of the earth, Job 11:8; Proverbs 9:18; Isaiah 38:10, all-devouring, Proverbs 1:12, destitute of God's presence, Psalms 88:10-12, a state of forgetfulness, Psalms 6:5, insatiable, Isaiah 5:14, remorseless, Song of Solomon 8:6, and a place of silence, Ecclesiastes 9:10. </p> <p> 2. ''The New Testament.—'' The two words translated "hell" are Hades and Gehenna. Hades occurs eleven times, and is once rendered "grave," R.V.," death," 1 Corinthians 15:55; in all other places "hell." Hades does not always refer to the ultimate abode of the impenitent and the final state of exclusion from God. Matthew 16:27. After the crucifixion, our Lord descended into hades, Acts 2:27, and this is an article of the Apostles' Creed, where, however, we use wrongly the word "hell." It was in this realm that our Lord "preached to the spirits in prison." 1 Peter 3:19. </p> <p> The Greek word [[Gehenna]] occurs twelve times in Scripture. It early designated a place in the valley of Hinnom, which had been the seat of the worship of Moloch, Jeremiah 7:31; 2 Chronicles 33:6; 2 Kings 23:10, and for the deposit of the filth and dead animals of the city. Hence it was used to denote the final state and abode of lost souls. Matthew 5:29; Matthew 10:28; Matthew 23:15; James 3:6, etc. It is here that "their worm dieth not" and the "fire is not quenched." Mark 9:48. Into this realm the rebellious angels were cast, 2 Peter 2:4 (where the word is a derivative from the Greek word "Tartarus"). At the great day of judgment the cursed shall go away into this abode and receive everlasting punishment. Matthew 25:46. It is referred to by our Lord in solemn and awful tones. Matthew 5:22; Matthew 5:29-30; Matthew 10:28; Mark 9:43-48; Luke 12:5, and with such accompaniments as indicate everlasting and remediless ruin. [[Retribution]] will have degrees, Matthew 10:15, in character, but none in duration. </p> | ||
== Charles Buck Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_19863" /> == | == Charles Buck Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_19863" /> == | ||
<p> The place of divine punishment after death. As all religions have supposed a future state of existence after this life, so all have their hell, or place or torment, in which the wicked are to be punished. Even the heathens had their tartara; and the Mahometans, we find, believe the eternity of rewards and punishments; it is not, therefore, a sentiment peculiar to Christianity. There have been many curious and useless conjectures respecting the place of the damned: the ancients generally supposed it was a region of fire near the centre of the earth. Mr. Swinden endeavoured to prove that it is seated in the sun. Mr. Whiston advanced a new and strange hypothesis; according to him, the comets are so many hells, appointed in their orbits alternately to carry the damned to the confines of the sun, there to be scorched by its violent heat; and then to return with them beyond the orb of Saturn, there to starve them in those cold and dismal regions. But, as Dr. Doddridge observes, we must here confess our ignorance; and shall be much better employed in studying how we may avoid this place of horror, than in labouring to discover where it is. </p> <p> Of the nature of this punishment we may form some idea from the expressions made use of in Scripture. It is called a place of torment, Luke 16:21 . the bottomless pit, Revelation 20:3-6 . a prison, 1 Peter 3:19 . darkness, Matthew 8:12 . Judges 1:13 . fire, Matthew 13:42; Matthew 13:50 . a worm that never dies, Mark 9:44; Mark 9:48 , the second death, Revelation 21:8 . the wrath of God, Romans 2:5 . It has been debated whether there will be a material fire in hell. On the affirmative side it is observed, that fire and brimstone are represented as the ingredients of the torment of the wicked, Revelation 14:10-11 . Revelation 20:10 . That as the body is to be raised, and the whole man to be condemned, it is reasonable to believe there will be some corporeal punishment provided, and therefore probably material fire. On the negative side it is alleged, that the terms above- mentioned are metaphorical, and signify no more than raging desire or acute pain; and that the Divine Being can sufficiently punish the wicked, by immediately acting on their minds, or rather leaving them to the guilt and stings of their own conscience. </p> <p> According to several passages, it seems there will be different degrees of punishment in hell, Luke 12:47 . Romans 2:12 . Matthew 10:20-21 . Matthew 12:25; Matthew 12:32 . Hebrews 10:28-29 . As to its duration, it has been observed that it cannot be eternal, because there is no proportion between temporary crimes and eternal punishments; that the word everlasting is not to be taken in its utmost extent; and that it signifies no more than a long time, or a time whose precise boundary is unknown. But in answer to this it is alleged, that the same word is used, and that sometimes in the very same place, to express the eternity of the happiness of the righteous, and the eternity of the misery of the wicked; and that there is no reason to believe that the words express two such different idea, as standing in the same connection. Besides, it is not true, it is observed, that temporary crimes do not deserve eternal punishments, because the infinite majesty of an offended God adds a kind of infinite evil to sin, and therefore exposes the sinner to infinite punishment; and that hereby God vindicates his injured majesty, and glorifies his justice. </p> <p> See articles [[Destructionists]] and | <p> The place of divine punishment after death. As all religions have supposed a future state of existence after this life, so all have their hell, or place or torment, in which the wicked are to be punished. Even the heathens had their tartara; and the Mahometans, we find, believe the eternity of rewards and punishments; it is not, therefore, a sentiment peculiar to Christianity. There have been many curious and useless conjectures respecting the place of the damned: the ancients generally supposed it was a region of fire near the centre of the earth. Mr. Swinden endeavoured to prove that it is seated in the sun. Mr. Whiston advanced a new and strange hypothesis; according to him, the comets are so many hells, appointed in their orbits alternately to carry the damned to the confines of the sun, there to be scorched by its violent heat; and then to return with them beyond the orb of Saturn, there to starve them in those cold and dismal regions. But, as Dr. Doddridge observes, we must here confess our ignorance; and shall be much better employed in studying how we may avoid this place of horror, than in labouring to discover where it is. </p> <p> Of the nature of this punishment we may form some idea from the expressions made use of in Scripture. It is called a place of torment, Luke 16:21 . the bottomless pit, Revelation 20:3-6 . a prison, 1 Peter 3:19 . darkness, Matthew 8:12 . Judges 1:13 . fire, Matthew 13:42; Matthew 13:50 . a worm that never dies, Mark 9:44; Mark 9:48 , the second death, Revelation 21:8 . the wrath of God, Romans 2:5 . It has been debated whether there will be a material fire in hell. On the affirmative side it is observed, that fire and brimstone are represented as the ingredients of the torment of the wicked, Revelation 14:10-11 . Revelation 20:10 . That as the body is to be raised, and the whole man to be condemned, it is reasonable to believe there will be some corporeal punishment provided, and therefore probably material fire. On the negative side it is alleged, that the terms above- mentioned are metaphorical, and signify no more than raging desire or acute pain; and that the Divine Being can sufficiently punish the wicked, by immediately acting on their minds, or rather leaving them to the guilt and stings of their own conscience. </p> <p> According to several passages, it seems there will be different degrees of punishment in hell, Luke 12:47 . Romans 2:12 . Matthew 10:20-21 . Matthew 12:25; Matthew 12:32 . Hebrews 10:28-29 . As to its duration, it has been observed that it cannot be eternal, because there is no proportion between temporary crimes and eternal punishments; that the word everlasting is not to be taken in its utmost extent; and that it signifies no more than a long time, or a time whose precise boundary is unknown. But in answer to this it is alleged, that the same word is used, and that sometimes in the very same place, to express the eternity of the happiness of the righteous, and the eternity of the misery of the wicked; and that there is no reason to believe that the words express two such different idea, as standing in the same connection. Besides, it is not true, it is observed, that temporary crimes do not deserve eternal punishments, because the infinite majesty of an offended God adds a kind of infinite evil to sin, and therefore exposes the sinner to infinite punishment; and that hereby God vindicates his injured majesty, and glorifies his justice. </p> <p> See articles [[Destructionists]] and [[Universalists]] Berry St. Lect. vol. 2: p. 559, 562; Dawes on Hell, ser. 10:; Whiston on ditto; Swinden, Drexelius, and Edwards on ditto. A late popular writer has observed, that in the 35th sermon of Tillotson, every thing is said upon the eternity of hell torments that can be known with any certainty. </p> | ||
== Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_80838" /> == | == Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_80838" /> == | ||
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== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66697" /> == | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66697" /> == | ||
<p> In the A.V. this is the translation of </p> <p> 1. <i> sheol, </i> which is often translated, 'grave,' and three times it is 'pit.' It refers to an invisible place or state, which may have several applications, according to the connection of each passage. [[Korah]] and his company and their houses went down into 'sheol.' Numbers 16:33 . Jonah said, "Out of the belly of 'sheol' cried I" Jonah 2:2 . "The wicked shall be turned into sheol." Psalm 9:17 . "Let them go down quick into 'sheol,' for wickedness is in their dwellings." Psalm 55:15; Proverbs 7:27 . But for the redemption which faith looked for 'sheol' must have had to O.T. saints the character of eternal punishment, and so finally 'hades' will be cast into the lake of fire. The word also refers to the place of departed spirits. The Lord said, "Thou wilt not leave my soul in 'sheol.'" Psalm 16:10 . This signification corresponds with </p> <p> 2. ἅδης, <i> hades, </i> which occurs where this last passage is quoted in Acts 2:27,31; and has the same meaning in other passages: Matthew 11:23; Matthew 16:18; Luke 16:23; Revelation 1:18; Revelation 6:8; Revelation 20:13,14 . </p> <p> 3. γέεννα, Gehenna, the Greek equivalent for two Hebrew words, signifying 'valley of Hinnom.' It was the place near Jerusalem where the Jews made their children pass through fire to heathen gods, and which was afterwards defiled. 2 Kings 23:10 . A continual fire made it a fit emblem of the place of eternal punishment. Matthew 5:22,29,30; Matthew 10:28; Matthew 18:9; Matthew 23:15,33; Mark 9:43,45,47; Luke 12:5; James 3:6 . The above-named place of defilement and fire is also called in the O.T. TOPHETor | <p> In the A.V. this is the translation of </p> <p> 1. <i> sheol, </i> which is often translated, 'grave,' and three times it is 'pit.' It refers to an invisible place or state, which may have several applications, according to the connection of each passage. [[Korah]] and his company and their houses went down into 'sheol.' Numbers 16:33 . Jonah said, "Out of the belly of 'sheol' cried I" Jonah 2:2 . "The wicked shall be turned into sheol." Psalm 9:17 . "Let them go down quick into 'sheol,' for wickedness is in their dwellings." Psalm 55:15; Proverbs 7:27 . But for the redemption which faith looked for 'sheol' must have had to O.T. saints the character of eternal punishment, and so finally 'hades' will be cast into the lake of fire. The word also refers to the place of departed spirits. The Lord said, "Thou wilt not leave my soul in 'sheol.'" Psalm 16:10 . This signification corresponds with </p> <p> 2. ἅδης, <i> hades, </i> which occurs where this last passage is quoted in Acts 2:27,31; and has the same meaning in other passages: Matthew 11:23; Matthew 16:18; Luke 16:23; Revelation 1:18; Revelation 6:8; Revelation 20:13,14 . </p> <p> 3. γέεννα, Gehenna, the Greek equivalent for two Hebrew words, signifying 'valley of Hinnom.' It was the place near Jerusalem where the Jews made their children pass through fire to heathen gods, and which was afterwards defiled. 2 Kings 23:10 . A continual fire made it a fit emblem of the place of eternal punishment. Matthew 5:22,29,30; Matthew 10:28; Matthew 18:9; Matthew 23:15,33; Mark 9:43,45,47; Luke 12:5; James 3:6 . The above-named place of defilement and fire is also called in the O.T. TOPHETor [[Topheth]] 2 Kings 23:10; Isaiah 30:33; Jeremiah 19:13 . </p> <p> 4. ταρταρόω, 'to cast into Tartarus,' a term used by heathen writers for the 'deepest abyss of the infernal regions,' a place of extreme darkness. 2 Peter 2:4 : cf. 2 Peter 2:17 and Jude 13 . </p> <p> Whatever figurative meaning there may be in the use of any of the above words, it is plain and certain from scripture that there is a place of everlasting punishment. It is awfully described as the [[Lake Of Fire]] 'the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone.' Revelation 19:20; Revelation 20:10,15; Revelation 21:8 . It was prepared for the devil and his angels, but into it the wicked also will be cast. Matthew 13:40,42; Matthew 25:41; 2 Peter 2:4; Jude 6 , etc. See ETERNAL. </p> | ||
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18673" /> == | == Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18673" /> == | ||
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== Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_78061" /> == | == Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_78061" /> == | ||
<div> '''1: | <div> '''1: '''''Γέεννα''''' ''' (Strong'S #1067 Noun [[Feminine]] geenna gheh'-en-nah ) </div> <p> represents the Hebrew Ge-Hinnom (the valley of Tophet) and a corresponding [[Aramaic]] word; it is found twelve times in the NT, eleven of which are in the Synoptists, in every instance as uttered by the Lord Himself. He who says to his brother, Thou fool (see under FOOL), will be in danger of "the hell of fire," Matthew 5:22; it is better to pluck out (a metaphorical description of irrevocable law) an eye that causes its possessor to stumble, than that his "whole body be cast into hell," Matthew 5:29; similarly with the hand, Matthew 5:30; in Matthew 18:8,9 , the admonitions are repeated, with an additional mention of the foot; here, too, the warning concerns the person himself (for which obviously the "body" stands in chapt. 5); in ver. 8, "the eternal fire" is mentioned as the doom, the character of the region standing for the region itself, the two being combined in the phrase "the hell of fire," ver. 9. To the passage in Matthew 18 , that in Mark 9:43-47 , is parallel; here to the word "hell" are applied the extended descriptions "the unquenchable fire" and "where their worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched." </p> Luke 12:5 Matthew 10:28 Matthew 23 Matthew 23:15 Matthew 23:33 James 3:6 Matthew 13:42 25:46 Philippians 3:19 2 Thessalonians 1:9 Hebrews 10:39 2 Peter 2:17 Jude 1:13 Revelation 2:11 19:20 20:6,10,14 21:8Hades. 2 Peter 2:4 | ||
== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72847" /> == | == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72847" /> == | ||
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== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31793" /> == | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31793" /> == | ||
<li> Gehenna, in most of its occurrences in the Greek New Testament, designates the place of the lost ( Matthew 23:33 ). The fearful nature of their condition there is described in various figurative expressions ( Matthew 8:12; 13:42; 22:13; 25:30; Luke 16:24 , etc.). (See Hinnom .) <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton M.A., | <li> Gehenna, in most of its occurrences in the Greek New Testament, designates the place of the lost ( Matthew 23:33 ). The fearful nature of their condition there is described in various figurative expressions ( Matthew 8:12; 13:42; 22:13; 25:30; Luke 16:24 , etc.). (See Hinnom .) <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton [[M.A., DD]] Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Hell'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/h/hell.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li> | ||
== Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_125907" /> == | == Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_125907" /> == | ||
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== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_43518" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_43518" /> == | ||
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== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15866" /> == | == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15866" /> == | ||
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== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4613" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4613" /> == | ||
<p> ''''' hel ''''' (see Sheol; Hades; Gehenna ): </p> 1. The Word in the King James Version <p> The English word, from a Teutonic root meaning "to hide" or "cover," had originally the significance of the world of the dead generally, and in this sense is used by Chaucer, Spenser, etc., and in the Creed ("He descended into hell"); compare the English Revised Version Preface. Now the word has come to mean almost exclusively the place of punishment of the lost or finally impenitent; the place of torment of the wicked. In the King James Version of the Scriptures, it is the rendering adopted in many places in the Old Testament for the Hebrew word <i> ''''' she'ōl ''''' </i> (in 31 out of 65 occurrences of that word it is so translated), and in all places, save one ( 1 Corinthians 15:55 ) in the New Testament, for the Greek word <i> '''''Hades''''' </i> (this word occurs 11 times; in 10 of these it is translated "hell"; 1 Corinthians 15:55 reads "grave," with "hell" in the margin). In these cases the word has its older general meaning, though in Luke 16:23 (parable of Rich Man and Lazarus) it is specially connected with a place of "torment," in contrast with the "Abraham's bosom" to which Lazarus is taken ( Luke 16:22 ). </p> 2. The Word in the Revised Version <p> In the above cases the Revised Version (British and American) has introduced changes, replacing "hell" by "Sheol" in the passages in the Old Testament (the English Revised Version retains "hell" in Isaiah 14:9 , Isaiah 14:15; the American Standard Revised Version makes no exception), and by "Hades" in the passages in the New Testament (see under these words). </p> 3. Gehenna <p> Besides the above uses, and more in accordance with the modern meaning, the word "hell" is used in the New Testament in the King James Version as the equivalent of Gehenna (12 t; Matthew 5:22 , Matthew 5:29; Matthew 10:28 , etc.). the Revised Version (British and American) in these cases puts "Gehenna" in the margin. Originally the Valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, Gehenna became among the Jews the synonym for the place of torment in the future life (the "Gehenna of fire," Matthew 5:22 , etc.; see Gehenna ). </p> 4. Tartarus <p> In yet one other passage in the New Testament ( 2 Peter 2:4 ), "to cast down to hell" is used (the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American)) to represent the Greek <i> '''''tartaróō''''' </i> , ("to send into Tartarus"). Here it stands for the place of punishment of the fallen angels: "spared not angels when they sinned, but cast them down to hell, and committed them to pits (or chains) of darkness" (compare Judges 1:6; but also Matthew 25:41 ). [[Similar]] ideas are found in certain of the Jewish apocalyptic books (Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees, Apocrypha Baruch, with apparent reference to Genesis 6:1-4; compare [[Eschatology Of The Old Testament]] ). </p> <p> On theological aspect, see [[Punishment]] , [[Everlasting]] . For literature, see references in above-named arts., and compare article "Hell" by Dr. D. S. Salmond in <i> Hdb </i> . </p> | <p> ''''' hel ''''' (see Sheol; Hades; Gehenna ): </p> 1. The Word in the King James Version <p> The English word, from a Teutonic root meaning "to hide" or "cover," had originally the significance of the world of the dead generally, and in this sense is used by Chaucer, Spenser, etc., and in the Creed ("He descended into hell"); compare the English Revised Version Preface. Now the word has come to mean almost exclusively the place of punishment of the lost or finally impenitent; the place of torment of the wicked. In the King James Version of the Scriptures, it is the rendering adopted in many places in the Old Testament for the Hebrew word <i> ''''' she'ōl ''''' </i> (in 31 out of 65 occurrences of that word it is so translated), and in all places, save one ( 1 Corinthians 15:55 ) in the New Testament, for the Greek word <i> ''''' Hades ''''' </i> (this word occurs 11 times; in 10 of these it is translated "hell"; 1 Corinthians 15:55 reads "grave," with "hell" in the margin). In these cases the word has its older general meaning, though in Luke 16:23 (parable of Rich Man and Lazarus) it is specially connected with a place of "torment," in contrast with the "Abraham's bosom" to which Lazarus is taken ( Luke 16:22 ). </p> 2. The Word in the Revised Version <p> In the above cases the Revised Version (British and American) has introduced changes, replacing "hell" by "Sheol" in the passages in the Old Testament (the English Revised Version retains "hell" in Isaiah 14:9 , Isaiah 14:15; the American Standard Revised Version makes no exception), and by "Hades" in the passages in the New Testament (see under these words). </p> 3. Gehenna <p> Besides the above uses, and more in accordance with the modern meaning, the word "hell" is used in the New Testament in the King James Version as the equivalent of Gehenna (12 t; Matthew 5:22 , Matthew 5:29; Matthew 10:28 , etc.). the Revised Version (British and American) in these cases puts "Gehenna" in the margin. Originally the Valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, Gehenna became among the Jews the synonym for the place of torment in the future life (the "Gehenna of fire," Matthew 5:22 , etc.; see Gehenna ). </p> 4. Tartarus <p> In yet one other passage in the New Testament ( 2 Peter 2:4 ), "to cast down to hell" is used (the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American)) to represent the Greek <i> ''''' tartaróō ''''' </i> , ("to send into Tartarus"). Here it stands for the place of punishment of the fallen angels: "spared not angels when they sinned, but cast them down to hell, and committed them to pits (or chains) of darkness" (compare Judges 1:6; but also Matthew 25:41 ). [[Similar]] ideas are found in certain of the Jewish apocalyptic books (Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees, Apocrypha Baruch, with apparent reference to Genesis 6:1-4; compare [[Eschatology Of The Old Testament]] ). </p> <p> On theological aspect, see [[Punishment]] , [[Everlasting]] . For literature, see references in above-named arts., and compare article "Hell" by Dr. D. S. Salmond in <i> Hdb </i> . </p> | ||
==References == | ==References == | ||
