Difference between revisions of "Goat"

<div> '''1: '''''Ἔριφος''''' ''' (Strong'S #2056 — Noun Masculine — eriphos — er'-if-os ) </div> <p> denotes "a kid or goat," &nbsp;Matthew 25:32 (RV, marg., "kids"); &nbsp; Luke 15:29 , "a kid;" some mss. have No. 2 here, indicating a sneer on the part of the elder son, that his father had never given him even a tiny kid. </p> <div> '''2: '''''Ἐρίφιον''''' ''' (Strong'S #2055 — Noun Neuter — eriphion — er-if'-ee-on ) </div> <p> a diminutive of No. 1, is used in &nbsp;Matthew 25:33 . In ver. 32 eriphos is purely figurative; in ver. 33, where the application is made, though metaphorically, the change to the diminutive is suggestive of the contempt which those so described bring upon themselves by their refusal to assist the needy. </p> <div> '''3: '''''Τράγος''''' ''' (Strong'S #5131 — Noun Masculine — tragos — trag'-os ) </div> <p> denotes "a he-goat," &nbsp;Hebrews 9:12,13,19; &nbsp;10:4 , the male prefiguring the strength by which Christ laid down His own life in expiatory sacrifice. </p>

<p> '''1.''' Wild goat, '''''Yeliym''''' , the ibex of ancient Moab. </p> <p> '''2.''' The goat deer, or else gazelle, '''''Aqow''''' . </p> <p> '''3.''' The '''''Atuwd''''' , "he goat", the leader of the flock; hence the chief ones of the earth, leaders in mighty wickedness; the ram represents headstrong wantonness and offensive lust (&nbsp;Isaiah 14:9; &nbsp;Zechariah 10:3; compare &nbsp;Matthew 25:32-33; &nbsp;Ezekiel 34:17). As the word "shepherds" describes what they ought to have been, so "he goats" what they were; heading the flock, they were foremost in sin, so they shall be foremost in punishment. In &nbsp;Song of [[Solomon]] 4:1 the hair of the bride is said to be "as a flock of goats that appear from mount Gilead," alluding to the fine silky hair of some breeds of goat, the angora and others. Amos (&nbsp;Amos 3:12) speaks of a shepherd "taking out of the mouth of the lion a piece of an ear," alluding to the long pendulous ears of the Syrian breed. In &nbsp;Proverbs 30:31 a he goat is mentioned as one of the "four things comely in going," in allusion to the stately march of the leader of the flock. </p> <p> '''4.''' '''''Sair''''' , the goat of the sin-offering (&nbsp;Leviticus 9:3), "the rough hairy goat" (&nbsp;Daniel 8:21). Sa'ir is used of devils (&nbsp;Leviticus 17:7), "the evil spirits of the desert" (&nbsp;Isaiah 13:21; &nbsp;Isaiah 34:14). </p> <p> '''5.''' '''''Αzazeel''''' , "the scape-goat" (&nbsp;Leviticus 16:8; &nbsp;Leviticus 16:10; &nbsp;Leviticus 16:26 margin) (See [[Atonement]] , DAY OF.) The "he goat" represented Graeco-Macedonia; Caranus, the first king of Macedon, was in legend led by goats to Edessa, his capital, which he named "the goat city." The one-horned goat is on coins of Archclaus king of Macedon, and a pilaster of Persepolis. So &nbsp;Daniel 8:5. </p>

<p> A well-known animal, resembling the sheep, but covered with hair instead of wool. Large flocks of them were kept by the Jews, &nbsp;Genesis 27:9 &nbsp; 1 Samuel 25:2 &nbsp; 2 Chronicles 17:11 . They were regarded as clean for sacrifice, &nbsp;Exodus 12:5 &nbsp; Leviticus 3:12 &nbsp; Numbers 15:27; and their milk and the young kids were much used for food, &nbsp;Deuteronomy 14:4 &nbsp; Judges 6:19 &nbsp; Proverbs 27:27 &nbsp; Luke 15:29 . The common leather bottles were made of their skins. Several kinds of goats were kept in Palestine: one kind having long hair, like the Angora, and another, long and broad ears. This kind is probably referred to in &nbsp;Amos 3:12 , and is still the common goat of Palestine. </p> <p> [[Herodotus]] says, that at Mendes, in Lower Egypt, both the male and female goat were worshipped. The heathen god Pan was represented with the face and thighs of a goat. The heathen paid divine honors also to real goats, as appears in the table of Isis. The abominations committed during the feast of these infamous deities cannot be told. </p> <p> [[Wild Goats]]  are mentioned in &nbsp;1 Samuel 24:2 &nbsp; Job 39:1 &nbsp; Psalm 104:18 . This is doubtless the Ibex, or mountain goat, a large and vigorous animal still found in the mountains in the peninsula of Sinai, and east and south of the Dead Sea. </p> <p> These goats are very similar to the bouquetin or chamois of the Alps. They feed in flocks of a score or two, wit one of their number acting as a sentinel. At the slightest alarm, they are gone in an instant, darting fearlessly over the rocks, and falling on their horns from a great height without injury. Their horns are two or three feet long, and are sold by the Arabs for knife-handles, etc. For [[Scapegoat]] , see [[Expiation]] . </p>

<li> There are two Hebrew words used to denote the undomesticated goat:, <i> Yael </i> , Only in plural mountain goats (&nbsp; 1 Samuel 24:2; &nbsp;Job 39:1; Ps.104:18). It is derived from a word meaning "to climb." It is the ibex, which abounded in the mountainous parts of Moab. And <i> 'Akko </i> , Only in &nbsp; Deuteronomy 14:5 , the wild goat. <p> Goats are mentioned in the New [[Testament]] in &nbsp;Matthew 25:32,33; &nbsp;Hebrews 9:12,13,19; &nbsp;10:4 . They represent oppressors and wicked men (&nbsp;Ezekiel 34:17; &nbsp;39:18; &nbsp;Matthew 25:33 ). </p> <p> Several varieties of the goat were familiar to the Hebrews. They had an important place in their rural economy on account of the milk they afforded and the excellency of the flesh of the kid. They formed an important part of pastoral wealth (&nbsp;Genesis 31:10,12;32:14;; &nbsp;1 Samuel 25:2 ). </p> <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton [[M.A., DD]]  Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Goat'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/g/goat.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li>

<p> ''''' gōt ''''' : </p> 1. [[Names]] <p> The common generic word for "goat" is עז , <i> ''''' ‛ēz ''''' </i> (compare Arabic <i> ''''' ‛anz ''''' </i> , "she-goat"; αἴξ , <i> ''''' aı́x ''''' </i> ), used often for "she-goat" (&nbsp; Genesis 15:9; &nbsp;Numbers 15:27 ), also with גּדי , <i> ''''' gedhı̄ ''''' </i> , "kid," as עזּים , <i> ''''' gedhı̄ ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , "kid of the goats" (&nbsp;Genesis 38:17 ), also with שעיר , <i> ''''' sā‛ı̄r ''''' </i> , "he-goat," as שעיר עזּים , <i> ''''' se‛ı̄r ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , "kid of the goats" or "he-goat," or translated simply "kids," as in &nbsp;1 Kings 20:27 , "The children of Israel encamped before them like two little flocks of kids." Next, frequently used is שׂעיר , <i> ''''' sā‛ı̄r ''''' </i> , literally, "hairy" (compare Arabic <i> ''''' sha‛r ''''' </i> , "hair"; χήρ , <i> ''''' chḗr ''''' </i> , "hedgehog"; Latin <i> hircus </i> , "goat"; <i> hirtus </i> , "hairy"; also German <i> [[Haar]] </i> ; English "hair"), like <i> ''''' ‛ēz ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' ‛attūdh ''''' </i> used of goats for offerings. The goat which is sent into the wilderness bearing the sins of the people is <i> ''''' sā‛ı̄r ''''' </i> (Lev 16:7-22). The same name is used of devils (&nbsp;Leviticus 17:7; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 11:15 , the Revised Version (British and American) "he-goats") and of satyrs (&nbsp;Isaiah 13:21; &nbsp;Isaiah 34:14 , the Revised Version, margin "he-goats," the American Standard Revised Version "wild goats"). Compare also שׂעירת עזּים , <i> ''''' se‛ı̄rath ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , "a female from the flock" (&nbsp;Leviticus 4:28; &nbsp;Leviticus 5:6 ). The male or leader of the flock is עתּוּד , <i> ''''' ‛attūdh ''''' </i> ; Arabic <i> ''''' ‛atûd ''''' </i> , "yearling he-goat"; figuratively "chief ones" (&nbsp; Isaiah 14:9; compare &nbsp;Jeremiah 50:8 ). A later word for "he-goat," used also figuratively , is צפיר , <i> ''''' cāphı̄r ''''' </i> (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 29:21; &nbsp;Ezra 8:35; &nbsp;Daniel 8:5 , &nbsp;Daniel 8:8 , &nbsp;Daniel 8:21 ). In &nbsp;Proverbs 30:31 , one of the four things "which are stately in going" is the he-goat, תּיש , <i> ''''' tayish ''''' </i> (Arabic <i> ''''' tais ''''' </i> , "he-goat"), also mentioned in &nbsp;Genesis 30:35; &nbsp;Genesis 32:14 among the possessions of [[Laban]] and Jacob, and in &nbsp; 2 Chronicles 17:11 among the animals given as tribute by the [[Arabians]] to Jehoshaphat. In &nbsp; Hebrews 9:12 , &nbsp;Hebrews 9:13 , &nbsp;Hebrews 9:19; &nbsp;Hebrews 10:4 , we have τράγος , <i> ''''' trágos ''''' </i> , the ordinary Greek word for "goat"; in &nbsp;Matthew 25:32 , &nbsp;Matthew 25:33 , ἔριφος , <i> ''''' ériphos ''''' </i> , and its diminutive ἐρίφιον , <i> ''''' erı́phion ''''' </i> ; in &nbsp;Hebrews 11:37 δέρμα αἴγειον , <i> ''''' dérma aı́geion ''''' </i> , "goatskin," from <i> ''''' aix ''''' </i> (see <i> ''''' supra ''''' </i> ). "Kid" is גּדי , <i> ''''' gedhı̄ ''''' </i> (compare En-gedi (&nbsp;1 Samuel 23:29 ), etc.), feminine גּדיּה , <i> ''''' gedhı̄yāh ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Song of Solomon 1:8 ), but also <i> ''''' ‛ēz ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' gedhı̄ ''''' </i> <i> ''''' ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' se‛ı̄r ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' se‛ı̄rath ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' benē ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , and <i> ''''' ériphos ''''' </i> ̌ . There remain יעל , <i> ''''' yā‛ēl ''''' </i> (&nbsp;1 Samuel 24:2; &nbsp;Job 39:1; &nbsp;Psalm 104:18 ), English [[Versions]] of the Bible "wild goat"; יעלה , <i> ''''' ya‛ălāh ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Proverbs 5:19 ), the King James Version "roe," the Revised Version (British and American) "doe"; אקּו , <i> ''''' 'aḳḳō ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 14:5 ), English Versions of the Bible "wild goat"; and זמר , <i> ''''' zemer ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 14:5 ), English Versions of the Bible "chamois." </p> 2. Wild Goats <p> The original of our domestic goats is believed to be the [[Persian]] wild goat or pasang, <i> Capra aegagrus </i> , which inhabits some of the Greek islands, Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, and Northwestern India. It is called <i> ''''' wa‛l ''''' </i> (compare Hebrew <i> ''''' yā‛ēl ''''' </i> ) by the Arabs, who in the North apply the same name to its near relative, the Sinaitic ibex, <i> Capra beden </i> . The last, doubtless the "wild goat" ( <i> ''''' yā‛ēl ''''' </i> ) of the Bible, inhabits Southern Palestine, Arabia, Sinai, and Eastern Egypt, and within its range is uniformly called <i> ''''' beden ''''' </i> by the Arabs. It is thought by the writer that the "chamois" ( <i> ''''' zemer ''''' </i> ) of &nbsp; Deuteronomy 14:5 may be the Persian wild goat. The word occurs only in this passage in the list of clean animals. See [[Chamois]]; [[Deer]]; [[Zoology]] . Wild goats are found only in Southern Europe, Southwestern Asia, and Northeastern Africa. They include the well-known, but now nearly extinct, Alpine ibex, steinbok, or bouquetin, the markhor, and the Himalayan ibex, which has enormous horns. The so-called [[Rocky]] [[Mountain]] goat is not properly a goat, but is an animal intermediate between goats and antelopes. </p> 3. [[Domestic]] Goats <p> Domestic goats differ greatly among themselves in the color and length of their hair, in the size and shape of their ears, and in the size and shape of their horns, which are usually larger in the males, but in some breeds may be absent in both sexes. A very constant feature in both wild and domestic goats is the bearded chin of the male. The goats of Palestine and Syria are usually black (&nbsp;Song of Solomon 4:1 ), though sometimes partly or entirely white or brown. Their hair is usually long, hanging down from their bodies. The horns are commonly curved outward and backward, but in one very handsome breed they extend nearly outward with slight but graceful curves, sometimes attaining a span of 2 ft. or more in the old males. The profile of the face is distinctly convex. They are herded in the largest numbers in the mountainous or hilly districts, and vie with their wild congeners in climbing into apparently impossible places. They feed not only on herbs, but also on shrubs and small trees, to which they are most destructive. They are largely responsible for the deforested condition of [[Judea]] and Lebanon. They reach up the trees to the height of a man, holding themselves nearly or quite erect, and even walk out on low branches. </p> 4. [[Economy]] <p> Apart from the ancient use in sacrifice, which still survives among Moslems, goats are most valuable animals. Their flesh is eaten, and may be had when neither mutton nor beef can be found. Their milk is drunk and made into cheese and <i> ''''' semn ''''' </i> , a sort of clarified butter much used in cooking. Their hair is woven into tents (&nbsp; Song of Solomon 1:5 ), carpets, cloaks, sacks, slings, and various camel, horse and mule trappings. Their skins are made into bottles ( <i> ''''' nō'dh ''''' </i> ; Greek <i> ''''' askós ''''' </i> ; Arabic <i> ''''' ḳirbeh ''''' </i> ) for water, oil, semn, and other liquids (compare also &nbsp;Hebrews 11:37 ). </p> 5. [[Religious]] and Figurative <p> Just as the kid was often slaughtered for an honored guest (&nbsp;Judges 6:19; &nbsp;Judges 13:19 ), so the kid or goat was frequently taken for sacrifice (&nbsp;Leviticus 4:23; &nbsp;Leviticus 9:15; &nbsp;Leviticus 16:7; &nbsp;Numbers 15:24; &nbsp;Ezra 8:35; &nbsp;Ezekiel 45:23; &nbsp;Hebrews 9:12 ). A goat was one of the clean animals ( <i> ''''' sēh ‛izzı̄m ''''' </i> , &nbsp;Deuteronomy 14:4 ). In Daniel, the powerful king out of the West is typified as a goat with a single horn (&nbsp;Daniel 8:5 ). One of the older goats is the leader of the flock. In some parts of the country the goatherd makes different ones leaders by turns, the leader being trained to keep near the goat-herd and not to eat so long as he wears the bell. In &nbsp;Isaiah 14:9 , ".... stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth," the word translated "chief ones" is <i> ''''' ‛attūdh ''''' </i> , "he-goat." Again, in &nbsp;Jeremiah 50:8 , we have "Go forth out of the land of the Chaldeans, and be as the he-goats before the flocks." In &nbsp;Matthew 25:32 , in the scene of the last judgment, we find "He shall separate them one from another, as the shepherd separateth the sheep from the goats." It is not infrequent to find a flock including both goats and sheep grazing over the mountains, but they are usually folded separately. </p>