Difference between revisions of "Aretas"

<p> <strong> ARETAS </strong> . This is the dynastic name (Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] <em> Charethath </em> ) of several kings of the Nahatæan Arabs whose capital was Petra (Sela), and whose language for purposes of writing and commerce was an [[Aramaic]] dialect, as is seen from the existing inscriptions. (Cooke, <em> N. Semitic Inscr </em> . p. 214 ff.). The first of the line is mentioned in 2Ma 5:8; the fourth (whose personal name was Æneas) in &nbsp; 2 Corinthians 11:32 , where his ‘ethnarch’ is said to have ‘guarded the city of the [[Damascenes]] in order to take’ St. Paul; but the [[Apostle]] escaped. This was within three years after his conversion (&nbsp; Galatians 1:17 f., &nbsp; Acts 9:23 ff.). There is a difficulty here, for Damascus was ordinarily in the Roman province of Syria. Aretas III. had held it in b.c. 85; the Roman coins of Damascus end a.d. 34 and begin again a.d. 62 3. It has been supposed that the <strong> Nabatæans </strong> held the city during this interval. Yet before the death of Tiberius (a.d. 37) there could hardly have been any regular occupancy by them, as Vitellius, proprætor of Syria, was sent by that emperor to punish Aretas IV. for the vengeance that the latter had taken on Herod Antipas for divorcing his sister in favour of Herodias. It has therefore been thought that a.d. 37 is the earliest possible date for St. Paul’s escape; and this will somewhat modify our view of [[Pauline]] chronology (see art. Paul the Apostle, § 4). Yet the allusion in &nbsp; 2 Corinthians 11:32 f. does not necessarily imply anything like a permanent tenure of Damascus by Aretas’ ethnarch. A temporary occupancy may well have taken place in Aretas’ war against Herod Antipas or afterwards; and it would be unsafe to build any chronological theory on this passage. The reign of Aretas IV. lasted from b.c. 9 to a.d. 40; inscriptions (at <em> el-Hejra </em> ) and coins are dated in his 48th year (Cooke, <em> l.c. </em> ). </p> <p> [[A. J]]  Maclean. </p>

<p> A common name of many [[Arabian]] kings. &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32; "in Damascus the governor '''''Ethnarch)''''' under Aretas the king kept the city of the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me; and through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands." The ethnarch did it to please the Jews, who (&nbsp;Acts 9:24) "watched the gates day and night to kill Paul." His office was to exercise authority under the king, over the many Jews in large cities: compare &nbsp;Acts 9:25. Damascus had been a city of the Roman province, Syria; and we have Damascene coins of Augustus and Tiberius, and afterward of Nero, etc., but we have none of Caligula. This implies that some change in the government of Damascus took place under Caligula, Tiberius's successor. Moreover, Aretas, king of [[Arabia]] Nabataea dud its capital Petra, made war on Antipas for divorcing Aretas' daughter, and defeated him. </p> <p> But Tiberius, at Antipas' entreaty, commanded Vitellius, governor of Syria, to take Aretas dead or alive. Before the order was executed Tiberius himself was dead. Then all was reversed. Antipas was banished by Caligula to Lyons, and his kingdom given to Agrippa, his nephew and his foe. It seems therefore to harmonize with history, as well as with Scripture, to assume that in A.D. 38 or 39, when Caligula made several changes in the E., he also granted Damascus to Aretas. The incidental way in which Paul alludes to Aretas' kingship over Damascus at the time of his escape from the ethnarch under him, by being let down in a basket from a house on the city wall (compare &nbsp;Acts 9:23-25), is a strong presumption for the truth of the Acts and Second [[Epistle]] to Corinthians. This was three years after Paul's conversion; so that [[A. D]]  36 will be the date of his conversion. </p>

<p> The name of several kings of northwestern Arabia. The only one mentioned in [[Scripture]] gave his daughter in marriage to Herod Antipas; but she being repudiated by Herod, Aretas made war upon him and destroyed his army. In consequence of this, the emperor Tiberius directed Vitellius, then proconsul of Syria, to make war upon or dead to Rome. But while [[Vitellius]] was in the midst of preparation for the war, he received intelligence of the death of Tiberius, [[A. D]]  37; on which he immediately recalled his troops, dismissed them into winter quarters, and then left the province. Aretas, taking advantage of this supineness, seems to have made an incursion and got possession of Damascus, over which he appointed a governor or ethnarch, who, [[A. D]]  39, at the instigation of the Jews, attempted to put Paul in prison, &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32 . Compare &nbsp;Acts 9:24,25 . </p>

<p> [[Aretas]] ( ''Ăr'E-T'' ''Âs'' ), ''Virtuous.'' &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32. The king of Arabia Petræa at the time the governor of Damascus attempted to apprehend Paul. &nbsp;Acts 9:24-25. His daughter married Herod Antipas, but was afterward divorced to allow him to marry Herodias. In consequence of this insult, Aretas made war upon Antipas and defeated him. Antipas was soon after banished and his kingdom given to Agrippa. It is likely that Aretas was restored to the good graces of the Romans, and that Caligula granted him Damascus, which had already formed part of his predecessor's kingdom. In this way we can account for the fact in Paul's life stated above. </p>

<p> ( '''''Ἀρέτας''''' ; Arab. ''Charresh,'' Pococke, ''Spec. Hist. Arab.'' p. 58, or, in another form, ''C(Haurish= '''''חוֹרֵשׁ''''' '' , ''Graver,'' Pococke, 1:70, 76, 77, 89), the common name of several Arabian kings (see Diod. Sic. 14:70; comp. Wesseling; Michaelis, in Pott's ''Syllog. 3,'' 62 sq.). </p> <p> '''1.''' The first of whom we have any notice was a contemporary of the Jewish high-priest Jason and of Antiochus Epiphanes, about B.C. 170 (&nbsp;2 Maccabees 5:8): "In the end, therefore, he (Jason) had an unhappy return, being accused before Aretas, the king of the Arabians." </p> <p> '''2.''' Josephus ''(Ant.'' 13, 13, 3) mentions an Aretas, king of the [[Arabians]] </p> <p> (surnamed Obedas, '''''Ο᾿Βέδας''''' '', Ant.'' 13, 13, 5), contemporary with Alexander Jannaeus (died B.C. 79) and his sons. After defeating Antiochus Dionysus, he reigned over Coele-Syria, "being called to the government by those that held Damascus ( '''''Κληθεὶς''''' '''''Εἰς''''' '''''Τὴν''''' '''''Ἀρχὴν''''' '''''Ὑπὸ''''' '''''Τῶν''''' '''''Τὴν''''' '''''Δαμασκὸνἐχόντων''''' ) by </p>

<p> ''''' ar´ē̇ ''''' - ''''' tas ''''' ( Ἀρέτας , <i> ''''' Arétas ''''' </i> ): The name is a common one among Arabian princes and signifies "virtuous or pleasing." </p> 1. 2 Macc 5:8 <p> It is mentioned several times in Biblical literature and in Josephus. Here it refers to an Arabian king, who was a contemporary of Antiochus Epiphanes (circa 170 bc), before whom Jason the high priest was accused. </p> 2. Obodas <p> Another Arabian prince of this name, surnamed Obodas ( <i> Ant. </i> , Xiii , xv, 2; xvi, 2; Xvi , ix, 4) defeated Antiochus [[Dionysius]] and reigned over [[Coele-Syria]] and Damascus. He participated with Hyrcanus in the war for the Jewish throne against his brother Aristobulus, but the allies were completely defeated at Papyron, by Aristobulus and Scaurus, the Roman general. The latter carried the war into Arabia and forced Aretas to make an ignominious peace, at the price of three hundred talents of silver. Of that event a memorial denarius still exists, with a Roman chariot in full charge on the one side and a camel on the other, by the side of which an [[Arab]] is kneeling, who holds out a branch of frankincense. </p> 3. [[Aeneas]] <p> The successor of Obodas was apparently surnamed Aeneas and this is the Arabian king who figures in the New [[Testament]] (&nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32; compare &nbsp;Acts 9:24 ). The Aretas, here mentioned, is the father-in-law of Herod Antipas, who divorced his wife to marry Herodins, the wife of his brother Philip (&nbsp;Matthew 14:3; &nbsp;Mark 6:17; &nbsp;Luke 3:19 ). Josephus ( <i> Ant. </i> , Xviii , v, 1, 3) gives us a circumstantial narration of the events leading up to and following the conduct of Antipas. [[Coupled]] with a boundary dispute, it occasioned a bitter w ar between the two princes, in which Antipas was completely overwhelmed, who thereupon invoked the aid of the Romans. Tiberius ordered Vitellius, proconsul of Syria, to make war on Aretas and to deliver him dead or alive into the hands of the emperor. On the way, at Jerusalem, Vitellius received intelligence of the death of Tiberius, March 16, 37 ad, and stopped all warlike proceedings ( <i> Ant. </i> , Xviii , v, 1, 3). According to &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32 , Damascus, which had formerly belonged to the Arabian princes, was again in the hands of Are tas, when Paul escaped from it, not immediately after his conversion, but on a subsequent visit, after his Arabian exile (&nbsp;Galatians 1:16 , &nbsp;Galatians 1:17 ). It is inconceivable that Aretas should have taken Damascus by force, in the face of the almost omnipotent power of Rome. The picture moreover, which Josephus draws of the [[Herodian]] events, points to a passive rather than an active attitude on the part of Aretas. The probability is that Cajus Caligula, the new emperor, wishing to settle the affairs of Syria, freely gave Damascu s to Aretas, inasmuch as it had formerly belonged to his territory. As Tiberius died in 37 ad, and as the Arabian affair was completely settled in 39 ad, it is evident that the date of Paul's conversion must lie somewhere between 34 and 36 ad. This date is further fixed by a Damascus coin, with the image of King Aretas and the date 101. If that date points to the Pompeian era, it equals 37 ad, making the date of Paul's conversion 34 ad (Mionnet, <i> Descript. des médailles antiques </i> , V, 284-85). </p>