Difference between revisions of "Aram"

<p> ("high table land".) </p> <p> '''1.''' The elevated region from the N. E. of [[Palestine]] to the Euphrates and Tigris. Balaam's home (&nbsp;Numbers 23:7; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 23:4). Syria, stretching from the Jordan and lake [[Gennesareth]] to the Euphrates, rising 2000 feet above the level of the sea. In contrast to Canaan, the lowland bordering on the Mediterranean. In &nbsp;Genesis 24:10 (Heb.) Aram Naharaim means "the highland between the two rivers," i.e. Mesopotamia. [[Padan]] Aram (from paddah , a plow), "the cultivated highland," is the same as Aram (&nbsp;Genesis 31:18). In Shalmaneser's inscriptions, 900-860 B.C. the [[Hittites]] (Khatte), under the name Palena, occur as occupying the valley of the [[Orontes]] and eastward. </p> <p> Some identify this name with Padan Aram and [[Batanaea]] or Bashan. Many petty kingdoms in David's time formed parts of the whole Aram, Aram Rehob, Aram Zobah, etc. (See [[Aram]] REHOB, ARAM ZOBAH.) Damascus subsequently absorbed these. In Genesis 10 Aram is described as son of Shem; Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, and Aram (arranged in the geographical order from E. to W.) being the four brethren. Aram (Syrian) stands for [[Assyrian]] in &nbsp;2 Kings 18:26; &nbsp;Jeremiah 35:11. </p> <p> '''2.''' Another Aram (&nbsp;Genesis 22:21), son of Kemuel, descended from Nahor; probably head of the tribe Ram, to which belonged Elihu, Job's friend (&nbsp;Job 32:2). </p>

<p> [[Aram]] (''Â'Ram'' ), ''High Region'' 1. A son of Shem. &nbsp;Genesis 10:22-23; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 1:17. 2. A descendant of Nahor, Abraham's brother. &nbsp;Genesis 22:21. 3. An Asherite. &nbsp;1 Chronicles 7:34. 4. The son of Esrom, elsewhere called Ram. &nbsp;Matthew 1:3-4; &nbsp;Luke 3:33, A. V., but the R. V. reads Ami. </p> <p> '''Aram,''' ''Highlands.'' The elevated region northeast of Palestine, toward the Euphrates river. &nbsp;Numbers 23:7; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 1:17; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 2:23. It was nearly identical with Syria. Aram-naharaim of &nbsp;Genesis 24:10 is translated [[Mesopotamia]] in the English Version, and refers to the region between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. There were probably several petty kingdoms included under Aram, as Aram-zobah, Aram Beth-rehob, Aram Damascus, Padan-aram; all these were gradually absorbed by that of Damascus, which became the capital of all "Aram," or Syria. </p>

<p> (Heb. Aram', אֲרָם, prob. from רָם, ''High,'' q. d. highlands; Sept. and N.,T. Ἀράμ see Gesenius, ''Thes. Heb.'' p. 151; Forbiger, ''Alte Geogr.'' 2, 641, Anm.), the name of a nation or country, with that of its founder and two or three other men. (See [[Betharam]]). Comp. (See [[Cuneiform]] Inscriptions). </p> <p> '''1.''' ARAMAEA (Sept. and later versions SYRIA) was the name given by the Hebrews to the tract of country lying between [[Phoenicia]] on the west, Palestine on the south, [[Arabia]] Deserta and the River Tigris on the east, and the mountain range of Taurus on the north. Many parts of this extensive territory have a much lower level than Palestine; but it might receive the designation of "highlands," because it does rise to a greater elevation than that country at most points of immediate contact, and especially on the side of Lebanon. Aram, or Aramaea, seems to have corresponded generally to the Syria (q.v.) and Mesopotamia (q.v.) of the Greeks and Romans. We find the following divisions expressly noticed in Scripture. (See [[Canaan]]). </p> <p> '''1.''' ARAM'-DAMME'SEK; אֲרִם דִּמֶּשֶׂק, the "Syria of Damascus" conquered by David. &nbsp;2 Samuel 8:5-6, where it denotes only the territory around Damascus; but elsewhere "Aram," in connection with its capital "Damascus," appears to be used in a wider sense for Syria [[Proper]] (&nbsp;Isaiah 7:1; &nbsp;Isaiah 7:8; &nbsp;Isaiah 17:3; &nbsp;Amos 1:5). At a later period Damascus gave name to a district, the ''Syria Damascena'' of Pliny (v. 13). To this part of Aram the "land of Hadrach" seems to have belonged (&nbsp;Zechariah 9:1). (See Damascus). </p> <p> '''2.''' ARAM'I-MAAKAH', אֲרִם מִעֲכָה (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 19:6), or simply ''Maakah'' (&nbsp;2 Samuel 10:6; &nbsp;2 Samuel 10:8), which, if formed from מָעִךְ, to ''"Press Together,"'' would describe a country enclosed and hemmed in by mountains, in contradistinction to the next division, Aram-beth-Rehob, i.e. Syria the wide or broad, בֵּית being used in Syria for a "district of country." Aram-Maachah was not far from the northern border of the [[Israelites]] on the east of the Jordan (comp. &nbsp;Deuteronomy 3:14, with &nbsp;Joshua 13:11; &nbsp;Joshua 13:13). In &nbsp;2 Samuel 10:6, the text has "King Maachah," but it is to be corrected from the parallel passage in &nbsp;1 Chronicles 19:7, "king of Maachah." (See [[Maachah]]). </p> <p> '''3.''' ARAM'-BEYTH-RECHOB', אֲרִם בֵּית רְחוֹב, the meaning of which may be that given above, but the precise locality cannot with certainty be determined (&nbsp;2 Samuel 10:6). Some connect it with the Beth-rehob of &nbsp;Judges 18:28, which Rosenmü ller identifies with the Rehob of &nbsp;Numbers 13:21, situated "as men come to Hamath," and supposes the district to be that now known as the ''Ardh El-Hhule'' at the foot of Anti- Libanus, near the sources of the Jordan. A place called Rehob is also mentioned in &nbsp;Judges 1:31; &nbsp;Joshua 19:28; &nbsp;Joshua 19:30; &nbsp;Joshua 21:31; but it is doubtful if it be the same. Michaelis thinks of the Rechoboth-han-Nahar (lit. ''Streets,'' i.e. the village or town on the River Euphrates) of &nbsp;Genesis 36:37 i but still more improbable is the idea of Bellermann and Jahn that Aram-beth- </p> <p> Rehob was beyond the Tigris in Assyria. (See [[Rehob]]). '''4.''' ARAM'-TSOBAH', אֲרִם צוֹבָה or, in the [[Syriac]] form, צוֹבָא '', Tsoba'' (&nbsp;2 Samuel 10:6). [[Jewish]] tradition has placed Zobah at Aleppo (see the [[Itinerary]] of [[Benjamin]] of Tudela), whereas Syrian tradition identifies it with Nisibis, a city in the north-east of Mesopotamia. Though the latter opinion long obtained currency under the authority of Michaelis (in his ''Dissert. De Syria Sobaea,'' to be found in the ''Comment. Soc. Gotting.'' 1769), yet the former seems a much nearer approximation to the truth. We may gather from &nbsp;2 Samuel 8:3; &nbsp;2 Samuel 10:16, that the eastern boundary of [[Aram-Zobah]] was the Euphrates, but [[Nisibis]] was far beyond that river; besides that in the title of the sixtieth (supposing it genuine) Aram-Zobah is clearly distinguished from Aram-Naharaim, or Mesopotamia. It is true, indeed, that in &nbsp;2 Samuel 10:16, it is said that Hadarezer, king of Zobah, brought against David "Aramites from beyond the river," but these were auxiliaries, and not his own subjects. The people of Zobah are uniformly spoken of as near neighbors of the Israelites, the Damascenes, and other Syrians; and in one place (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 8:3) [[Hamath]] is called Hamath-Zobah, as pertaining to that district. We therefore conclude that Aram-Zobah extended from the Euphrates westward, perhaps as far north as to Aleppo. It was long the most powerful of the petty kingdoms of Arammea, its princes commonly bearing the name of [[Hadadezer]] or Hadarezer. (See [[Zobah]]). </p> <p> '''5.''' ARAM'-NAHARA'YIM; אֲרִם נִהֲרִיִם, i.e. ''Aram Of The Two Rivers,'' called in Syriac "Beth-Nahrin,' i.e. "the land of the rivers," following the analogy by which the Greeks formed the name Μεσοποταμία, "the country between the rivers." For that Mesopotamia is here designated is admitted universally. The rivers which enclose Mesopotamia are the Euphrates on the west and the Tigris on the east; but it is doubtful whether the Aram- Naharaim of [[Scripture]] embraces the whole of that tract or only the northern portion of it (&nbsp;Genesis 24:10; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 23:4; &nbsp;Judges 3:8; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 19:6; Psalms 60, title). A part of this region of Aram is also called ''Paddan'-Aram', פִּדִּן'' אֲרָם, the plain of Aram (&nbsp;Genesis 25:20; &nbsp;Genesis 28:2; &nbsp;Genesis 28:6-7; &nbsp;Genesis 31:18; &nbsp;Genesis 33:18), and once simply [[Paddan]] (&nbsp;Genesis 48:7), also ''Sedeh'-Aram', שְׂדֵה'' אֲרָם, the field of Aram (&nbsp;Hosea 12:13), whence the "Campi Mesopotamiae" of Quintus [[Curtius]] (3:2, 3; 3:8, 1; 4:9, 6). (See Padan); (See Sadeh). But that the whole of [[Aram-Naharaim]] did not belong to the flat country of Mesopotamia appears from the circumstance that Balaam, who (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 23:4) is called a native of Aram-Naharaim, says (&nbsp;Numbers 23:7) that he was brought "from Aram, out of the mountains of the east." The Septuagint, in some of these places, has Μεσοποταμία Συρίας '','' and in others Συρία Ποταμῶν, which the Latins rendered by Syria Interamna. (See Mesopotamia). </p> <p> '''6.''' But though the districts now enumerated be the only ones ''Expressly Named'' in the Bible as belonging to Aram, there is no doubt that many more territories were included in that extensive region, e.g. Geshur, Hul, Arpad, Riblah, Hamath, Helbon, Betheden, Berothai, Tadmor, Hauran, Abilene, etc., though some of them may have formed part of the divisions already specified. (See [[Ish-Tob]]). </p> <p> A native of Aram was called אֲרִמִּי, ''Arammi','' an Aramaean, used of a Syrian (&nbsp;2 Kings 5:20), and of a Mesopotamian (&nbsp;Genesis 25:20). The feminine was אֲרִמִּיָּה, ''Arammiyah','' an [[Aramitess]] (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 7:14), and the plural אֲרִמִּים, ''Aramminm'' (&nbsp;2 Kings 8:29), once (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 22:5) in a shortened form רִמִּים, ''Rammim'.'' (See [[Aramaean Language]]). Traces of the name of the Aramaeans are to be found in the ῎Αριμοι ''And Ἀραμαῖοι'' of the Greeks (Strabo, 13:4, 6; 16:4, 27; comp. Homer's ''Iliad,'' 2, 783; Hesiod, ''Theogn.'' 804). (See [[Assyria]]). The religion of the [[Syrians]] was a worship of the powers of nature (&nbsp;Judges 1:6; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 28:23; see Creuzer, Symbol. 2, 55 sq.). They were so noted for idolatry, that in the language of the later [[Jews]] ארמיותא was used as synonymous with heathenism (see the [[Mischna]] of Surenhusius, 2:401; Onkelos on &nbsp;Leviticus 25:47). Castell, in his ''Lexic. Heptaglott.'' col. 229, says the same form of speech prevails in Syriac and Ethiopic. The Hebrew letters ר, resh, and ד, ''Daleth,'' are so alike, that they were often mistaken by transcribers; and hence, in the Old Testament, ארם, ''Aram,'' is sometimes found instead of אדם, ''Edom,'' and ''Vice Versa.'' Thus in &nbsp;2 Kings 16:6, according to the text, the Aramaeans are spoken of as possessing [[Elath]] on the Red Sea; but the Masoretic marginal reading has "the Edomites," </p> <p> which is also found in many manuscripts, in the [[Septuagint]] and Vulgate, and it is obviously the correct reading (Gesenius, Thes. Heb. s. vv.). </p> <p> It appears from the ethnographic table in the tenth chapter of Genesis (&nbsp;Genesis 10:22-23) that Aram was a son of Sham, and that his own sons were Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash. If these gave names to districts, [[Uz]] was in the north of Arabia Deserta, unless its name was derived rather from Huz, son of Nahor, Abraham's brother (&nbsp;Genesis 22:21). [[Hul]] was probably Coele- Syria; Mash, the Mons Masius north of Nisibis in Mesopotamia; [[Gether]] is unknown. Another Aram is mentioned (&nbsp;Genesis 22:21) as the grandson of Nahor and son of Kemuel, but he is not to be thought of here. The descent of the Aramaeans from a son of [[Shem]] is confirmed by their language, which was one of the branches of the Semitic family, and nearly allied to the Hebrew. Many writers, who have copied without acknowledgment the words of Calmet, maintain that the Aramaeans came from Kir, appealing to &nbsp;Amos 9:7; but while that passage is not free from obscurity, it seems evidently to point, not to the aboriginal abode of the people, but to the country whence God would recover them when banished. The prophet had said (&nbsp;Amos 1:5) that the people of Aram should go into captivity to [[Kir]] (probably the country on the River Kur or Cyrus), a prediction of which we read the accomplishment in &nbsp;2 Kings 16:9; and the allusion here is to their subsequent restoration. [[Hartmann]] thinks [[Armenia]] obtained its name from Aram. (See generally Michaelis, Spicileg. 2:121 sq.; Wahl, Alt. u. N. Asien, 1, 299 sq.; Gatterer, Handb. 1, 248; Rosenmü ller, Alterth. I, 1:232 sq.; Ritter, Erdkunde, 10:16; Lengerke, Kenaan, 1:218 sq.). (See Syria). </p> <p> '''2.''' The first named son of Kemuel and grandson of Nahor (&nbsp;Genesis 22:21), B.C. cir. 2000. He is incorrectly thought by many to have given name to Syria, hence the Sept. translates Σύροι . By some he is regarded as same with RAM (See Ram) of &nbsp;Job 32:2. </p> <p> '''3.''' The last named of the four sons of [[Shamer]] or [[Shomer]] of the tribe of [[Asher]] (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 7:34), B.C. cir. 1618. </p> <p> '''4.''' The Greek form among the ancestors of Christ (&nbsp;Matthew 1:3-4; &nbsp;Luke 3:33) of the Heb. RAM (See Ram) (q.v.), the son of [[Hezron]] and father of [[Amminadab]] (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 2:9-10). </p>

<p> '''''ā´ram''''' ( ארם , <i> ''''''ărām''''' </i> ): (1) A son of Shem (&nbsp;Genesis 10:22; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 1:17 ). See Arameans; Syria . (2) A grandson of Nahor (&nbsp;Genesis 22:21 ). (3) A descendant of Asher (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 7:34 ). (4) Ἀράμ , <i> '''''Arám''''' </i> , King James Version: Greek form of <i> '''''Ram''''' </i> (thus the Revised Version (British and American) &nbsp;Matthew 13:4; <i> '''''Arnı́''''' </i> &nbsp;Luke 3:33 ), grandson of Perez. </p>