Difference between revisions of "Governor"

<div> '''A — 1: ἡγεμών ''' (Strong'S #2232 — Noun Masculine — hegemon — hayg-em-ohn' ) </div> <p> is a term used (a) for "rulers" generally, &nbsp;Mark 13:9; &nbsp;1 Peter 2:14; translated "princes" (i.e., leaders) in &nbsp;Matthew 2:6; (b) for the Roman procurators, referring, in the [[Gospels]] to [[Pontius]] Pilate, e.g., &nbsp;Matthew 27:2; &nbsp;Luke 20:20 (so designated by Tacitus, Annals, XV. 44); to Felix, &nbsp; Acts 23:26 . Technically the procurator was a financial official under a proconsul or propretor, for collecting the imperial revenues, but entrusted also with magisterial powers for decisions of questions relative to the revenues. In certain provinces, of which [[Judea]] was one (the procurator of which was dependent on the legate of Syria), he was the general administrator and supreme judge, with sole power of life and death. Such a governor was a person of high social standing. Felix, however, was an ex-slave, a freedman, and his appointment to Judea could not but be regarded by the [[Jews]] as an insult to the nation. The headquarters of the governor of Judea was Caesarea, which was made a garrison town. See [[Prince]] , Ruler. For anthupatos, "a proconsul," see Proconsul. </p> <div> '''A — 2: ἐθνάρχης ''' (Strong'S #1481 — Noun Masculine — ethnarches — eth-nar'-khace ) </div> <p> "an ethnarch," lit. "a ruler of a nation" (ethnos, "a people," arche, "rule"), is translated "governor" in &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32; it describes normally the ruler of a nation possessed of separate laws and customs among those of a different race. Eventually it denoted a ruler of a province, superior to a tetrarch, but inferior to a king (e.g., Aretas). </p> <div> '''A — 3: οἰκονόμος ''' (Strong'S #3623 — Noun Masculine — oikonomos — oy-kon-om'-os ) </div> <p> lit., "one who rules a house" (oikos, "a house," nomos, "a law"), &nbsp;Galatians 4:2 , denotes a superior servant responsible for the family housekeeping, the direction of other servants, and the care of the children under age. See [[Chamberlain]] , Steward. </p> <div> '''A — 4: ἀρχιτρίκλινος ''' (Strong'S #755 — Noun Masculine — architriklinos — ar-khee-tree'-klee-nos ) </div> <p> from arche, "rule," and triklinos, "a room with three couches," denotes "the ruler of a feast," &nbsp;John 2:8 , RV (AV, "the governor of the feast"), a man appointed to see that the table and couches were duly placed and the courses arranged, and to taste the food and wine. </p> <div> '''B — 1: ἡγέομαι ''' (Strong'S #2233 — Verb — hegeomai — hayg-eh'-om-ahee ) </div> <p> akin to A, No. 1, is used in the present participle to denote "a governor," lit., "(one) governing," &nbsp;Matthew 2:6; &nbsp;Acts 7:10 . </p> <div> '''B — 2: ἡγεμονεύω ''' (Strong'S #2230 — Verb — hegemoneuo — hayg-em-on-yoo'-o ) </div> <p> to be a hegemon, "to lead the way," came to signify to be "a governor of a province;" it is used of Quirinius, governor of Syria, &nbsp;Luke 2:2 , RV (for the circumstances see under ENROLLMENT); of Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea, &nbsp;Luke 3:1 . In the first clause of this verse the noun hegemonia, "a rule of sovereignty," is translated "reign;" Eng., "hegemony." </p> &nbsp;James 3:4

<p> <b> GOVERNOR. </b> —The word ‘governor’ (ἡγεμών, Lat. <i> praeses, dux </i> ) is a comprehensive term, being the only Greek word which includes every class of provincial governor under the Roman empire. The following officials, for instance, are included under this title:—(1) Governors of Senatorial Provinces, namely, <i> pro consulibus </i> who are ex-consuls, and <i> pro consulibus </i> who are ex-praetors. The former class ruled the governmental spheres of duty, Asia and Africa; the latter all other provinces which by the arrangement between [[Augustus]] and the [[Senate]] in 27 b.c. were put under the authority of that body, such as Sicily, Macedonia, Achaia. (2) Governors of Imperial Provinces, namely, <i> legati [[Augusti]] pro practoribus </i> who are ex-consuls; <i> legati Augusti pro practoribus </i> who are ex-praetors; <i> procuratores </i> ; <i> praefecti Acgypti </i> , etc. Examples of Imperial provinces are Syria, the [[Gauls]] (except Narbonensis), Judaea, and Egypt. These governors were all accountable to the Emperor, being put in charge of his provinces, but were by no means of equal rank. The <i> legati </i> were always members of the Senate, but the others were of the lower rank of <i> equites </i> . It was to this class that [[Pilate]] belonged (Matthew 27, 28; see under Procurator, Pilate). Every senator, being a member of the same class as the [[Emperor]] himself, was a possible rival to him; those of inferior rank were practically in the position of his servants. </p> <p> Governors of provinces had certain powers of jurisdiction delegated to them, which it is now impossible accurately to define. These were embodied in <i> mandata </i> given to them before setting out. They were also, of course, influenced by the traditions of the province to which they were going. They administered the law with a competence and a justice which have never been surpassed. As the provinces had an appeal from their decisions to the Senate in the case of Senatorial provinces, and to the Emperor in the case of Imperial, it was dangerous for a governor to go against the strongly expressed wish of the subjects of Rome. A procurator, for example, could be cast aside by the Emperor and ruined for life, without the slightest chance of redress. </p> <p> Governors were commonly changed annually. The emperor Tiberius, however, retained many governors for a number of years in one position, and he also instituted the custom of payment of definite salaries to such, thus doing away with the necessity for plunder in order to recoup themselves. The Roman system was sufficiently elastic to permit the appointment of officers for special service and the suspension of the regular order of things. It was probably under an arrangement of this kind that P. Sulpicius [[Quirinius]] was ‘governor of Syria’ (&nbsp;Luke 2:2) in a.d. 6–9 (Ramsay, <i> Was Christ Born at [[Bethlehem]] </i> ? ch. xi.), in order to carry on a campaign against the Homonadenses, and leave the ordinary governor free for civil duties. See art. Birth of Christ. </p> <p> In &nbsp;Matthew 10:18, &nbsp;Mark 13:9, and &nbsp;Luke 21:12 ‘kings’ are coupled with ‘governors.’ The reference here is to ‘client-kings’ of the Roman empire (such as Herod) as well as the ordinary governors. The territory ruled by such kings was part of the <i> imperium Romanum </i> in the fullest sense of that term. In other words, the Romans had suzerainty over these kingdoms; but they left them under the rule of their kings until they were sufficiently civilized to become ordinary provinces under ordinary governors. Then they were taken over. In &nbsp;Luke 21:12 the ‘kings’ are mentioned before the ‘governors.’ If this change is not accidental, it would appear that St. Luke wished βασιλεῖς to be understood in the sense of ‘emperors,’ a sense quite in accordance with the Greek. The plural need be no difficulty, as it was the common practice for emperors to have their successors invested with the imperatorial powers, while they themselves were still alive and active. </p> <p> Literature.—H. F. Pelham, <i> Outlines of Roman History </i> , hk. v. ch. iii.; J. B. Bury, <i> A History of the Roman [[Empire]] </i> , ch. vi.; A. H. J. Greenidge, <i> Roman Public Life </i> , ch. xi.; for the regular course of an administrative career, see R. Cagnat, <i> Cours d’Epigraphie Latine </i> 3 [Note: designates the particular edition of the work referred] (1898, with Supplement 1904), pp. 86–155; Schürer, <i> HJ </i> P [Note: JP History of the [[Jewish]] People.] i. ii. 43–48. </p> <p> Alex. Souter. </p>

<p> <strong> [[Governor]] </strong> . This word represents various Heb. and Gr. words, technical and non-technical. In &nbsp; [[Genesis]] 42:6 (Joseph, cf. 41:40) it is probably the <em> Ta-te </em> , the second after the king in the court of the palace; cf. &nbsp; 1 Kings 18:3 , &nbsp; Daniel 2:48 for similar offices. It frequently represents an Assyr. [Note: Assyrian.] word, <em> pechah </em> , used of [[Persian]] satraps in general (&nbsp; Esther 3:12; &nbsp; Esther 8:8 ), and of [[Assyrian]] generals (&nbsp; 2 Kings 18:24 , cf. &nbsp; 1 Kings 20:24 ). It is applied particularly to Tattenai, the governor of the large Persian province of which Judæa was a sub-district (&nbsp; Ezra 5:3; &nbsp; Ezra 6:6 etc., cf. &nbsp; Nehemiah 2:7 ). It is also, like <em> tirshatha </em> (wh. see), applied to the subordinate governor of Judæa (&nbsp; Ezra 5:14 [Sheshbazzar] 6:7 [Nehemiah], &nbsp; Haggai 1:1; &nbsp; Haggai 1:14 [Zerubbabel]). The first passage shows that the subordinate <em> pechah </em> was directly appointed by the king. </p> <p> In the NT the word usually represents Gr. <em> hçgemôn </em> , and is used of Pontius Pilate (&nbsp; Luke 3:1 etc.), of [[Felix]] (&nbsp; Acts 23:26 ), and of [[Festus]] (&nbsp; Acts 26:30 ). The proper title of these governors was ‘ <strong> procurator </strong> ’ (Tac. <em> Ann </em> . xv. 44), of which originally <em> eparchos </em> and then <em> epitropos </em> were the Gr. equivalents. Josephus, however, uses <em> hçgemôn </em> , as well as these words, for the governor of Judæa, so that there is no inaccuracy in its employment by NT writers. But, being a general word, it does not help us to decide the nature of the ‘governorship’ of Quirinius (&nbsp; Luke 2:2 ). The procurator, originally a financial official, was appointed directly by the Emperor to govern provinces, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, and Judæa, which were in a transitional state, being no longer ruled by subject kings, but not yet fully Romanized, and requiring special treatment. The procurator was in a sense subordinate to the legate of the neighbouring ‘province,’ <em> e.g. </em> [[Cappadocia]] to Galatia, Judæa to Syria; but except in emergencies he had full authority, military, judicial, and financial. In &nbsp; 1 Peter 2:14 the word is specially appropriate to any provincial governor, as ‘sent’ by the Emperor. In &nbsp; 2 Corinthians 11:32 it represents ‘ <strong> ethnarch </strong> ,’ a word apparently used originally of the ruler of a nation ( <em> ethnos </em> ) living with laws of its own in a foreign community; but as applied to [[Aretas]] it may mean no more than petty king. In &nbsp; Galatians 4:2 it means ‘ <strong> steward </strong> ’ (RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), the ‘tutor’ controlling the ward’s person, the steward his property (Lightfoot, <em> ad loc. </em> ). In &nbsp; James 3:4 RV [Note: Revised Version.] has ‘steersman.’ The ‘ <strong> governor of the feast </strong> ’ (&nbsp; John 2:8 , RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘ruler’) was probably a guest, not a servant, chosen to control and arrange for the feast; It is doubtful whether he is to be identified with the ‘friend of the bridegroom’ or best man. </p> <p> C. W. Emmet. </p>

<p> The King James Version uses <i> governor </i> to translate a variety of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek terms. These terms represent a wide range of meanings that encompass almost every form of leadership or oversight. For example governor is used of city and tribal leaders (&nbsp; Judges 5:9; &nbsp;1 Kings 22:26 ), rulers (&nbsp;Psalm 22:28 ), temple officials (&nbsp;Jeremiah 20:1 ), managers of households (&nbsp;John 2:8; &nbsp;Galatians 4:2 ), and even pilots of ships (&nbsp;James 3:4 ). Recent versions of the Bible have translated the [[Hebrew]] word more specifically with words like ruler, leader, prince, commander, chief officer, master, manager, trustee, and ethnarch. This has allowed <i> governor </i> to be used to describe those officials serving under a rule who have administrative responsibility for assigned territories or projects. [[Generally]] the governor exercised both law enforcement and judicial functions as a representative of his superior. </p> <p> Old Testament. The most widely used term for <i> governor </i> in the Old [[Testament]] is the Accadian loanword <i> pechah </i> . This word first occurs in Ezra and Nehemiah as a title for [[Tattenai]] (KJV Tatnai), the Persian administrator of the province “beyond the River” (&nbsp;Ezra 5:3 ). Tattenai's response to Darius' decree (&nbsp;Ezra 6:13 ) is indicative of the governor's allegiance to the king and responsiveness to the king's command. </p> <p> The title also is used of [[Sheshbazzar]] (&nbsp;Ezra 5:14 ) to describe his appointment as “governor of the Jews” (&nbsp;Ezra 6:7 ). [[Cyrus]] had commissioned him to rebuild the temple in [[Jerusalem]] at the end of the [[Babylonian]] exile. Nehemiah described his appointment by [[Artaxerxes]] I as “governor in the land of Judah” (&nbsp;Nehemiah 5:14 ). The prophet Haggai addressed his message to “Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah” (&nbsp;Haggai 1:1 ). Pechah is used of other leaders in the Old Testament as well (see &nbsp;2 Kings 18:24; &nbsp;2 Kings 20:24; &nbsp;Isaiah 36:9 ). </p> <p> New Testament. The Greek word <i> hegemon </i> and its derivatives predominate in the New Testament occurrences of <i> governor </i> . The term often is used to describe Roman officials who exercised the tax and military authority of the emperor. Quirinius (&nbsp;Luke 2:2 ), Pontius Pilate (&nbsp;Luke 3:1; &nbsp;Matthew 27:2 ), Felix (&nbsp;Acts 23:24 ), and [[Porcius]] Festus (&nbsp;Acts 24:27 ) are specifically named. Joseph's rule in Egypt also is classified as that of a governor (&nbsp;Acts 7:10 ). Because governors are sent by the king “to punish evildoers and for the praise of them that do well” (&nbsp;1 Peter 2:13-14 ), believers are to submit to their authority. Sent out by Christ, however, [[Christians]] will be brought before governors and kings for judgment. [[Faithfulness]] in such situations will bear witness for His sake (&nbsp;Matthew 10:18 ). </p> <p> [[Michael]] Fink </p>

<p> '''Governor.''' Various Hebrew terms are thus translated: thus it is used to designate certain provincial officers of the Assyrian, Babylonian, [[Median]] and Persian empires. The original word is ''Pechah,'' probably akin to the modern pacha. Several of these governors presided over districts on the western side of the Euphrates, &nbsp;Nehemiah 2:7; &nbsp;Nehemiah 2:9; and they were inferior to the satraps, or king's lieutenants. &nbsp;Ezra 8:36. In the New Testament the Roman procurator of Judea is called the "governor," ''E.G.,'' &nbsp;Matthew 27:2; &nbsp;Matthew 27:11; &nbsp;Matthew 27:14; a kindred word being used to describe the authority of Tiberius, &nbsp;Luke 3:1, where our version has "reign." The "governor" of a marriage-feast was the bridegroom's friend, who took charge of the entertainment, &nbsp;John 2:8-9. The "governor" of [[Damascus]] would seem to have been the ethnarch who held the place as the king's lieutenant or vassal. &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32. The "governors" of a minor were the trustees of his property, R. V. "stewards." &nbsp;Galatians 4:2. The "governor "of a ship was the steersman. See R. V., &nbsp;James 3:4. </p>

<p> There are ten Hebrew words thus translated, signifying any ruler, captain, viceroy, etc., that was set over the people. The term is also so used in the N.T. except the following: </p> <p> 1. ἐθνάρχης 'governor of a nation,' an <i> ethnarch, </i> as the ruler of Damascus was called. &nbsp;2 Corinthians 11:32 . </p> <p> 2. εὐθύνων, 'one who directs, guides,' used of the 'steersman of a ship.' &nbsp; James 3:4 . </p> <p> 3. ἡγεμών, the <i> procurator </i> of Judaea. &nbsp;Matthew 27:2; &nbsp;Luke 20:20 , etc. </p> <p> 4. οἰκονόμος, 'manager of a house, steward.' &nbsp; Galatians 4:2 . </p>

<p> GOV'ERNOR, n. He that governs, rules or directs one invested with supreme authority. The [[Creator]] is the rightful governor of all his creatures. </p> 1. One who is invested with supreme authority to administer or enforce the laws the supreme executive magistrate of a state, commmunity, corporation or post. Thus, in America, each state has its governor [[Canada]] has its governor. 2. A tutor one who has the care of a young man one who instructs him and forms his manners. 3. A pilot one who steers a ship. &nbsp;James 3 . 4. One possessing delegated authority. [[Joseph]] was governor over the land of Egypt. Obadiah was governor over Ahab's house. Damascus had a governor under Aretas the king.

<li> A director, i.e., helmsman; Lat. gubernator, (&nbsp;James 3:4 ). <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Governor'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/g/governor.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li>

<p> ''''' guv´ẽr ''''' - ''''' nẽr ''''' : The word "governor" is employed in English [[Versions]] of the Bible in rendering a great variety of Hebrew and Greek words. In certain cases strict consistency is neither observed nor possible. </p> 1. In the Old Testament <p> In the rendering of Hebrew terms account has naturally been taken of the translations offered in Septuagint, which, being the work of different hands, is both uneven in quality and inconsistent. But there are inherent difficulties which can never be entirely overcome. First and most important, there is the difficulty arising from our ignorance of many details of the government of the oriental nations to which the terms apply. [[Hardly]] less is the embarrassment occasioned by the vague employment of words in indiscriminate reference to persons of superior rank and somehow exercising authority. There is consequently much confusion in the use of titles such as "deputy," "duke," "judge," "lawgiver," "overseer" "prince" "ruler" etc. for which the student may consult the special articles. </p> <p> (1) אלּוּף , <i> ''''' 'alluwph ''''' </i> or אלּף , <i> ''''' 'allūph ''''' </i> , "governor" (the Revised Version (British and American) "chieftain") in Judah (&nbsp; Zechariah 9:7; &nbsp;Zechariah 12:5 f). </p> <p> (2) חוקק , <i> ''''' ḥōḳēḳ ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Judges 5:9; &nbsp;Judges 5:14 , the King James Version margin"or lawgivers"). The word is variously rendered with "ruler" or "lawgiver" in English Versions of the Bible of &nbsp;Genesis 49:10; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 33:21; &nbsp;Isaiah 33:22 . </p> <p> (3) משׁל , <i> ''''' mōshēl ''''' </i> , participle of משׁל , <i> ''''' māshal ''''' </i> , "to be master," "to rule" (&nbsp; Genesis 45:26 , the Revised Version (British and American) "ruler"). </p> <p> (4) נשׂיא , <i> ''''' nāsı̄' ''''' </i> (&nbsp; 2 Chronicles 1:2 , the Revised Version (British and American) "prince"). </p> <p> (5) סגן , <i> ''''' ṣāghān ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Daniel 3:2 f; &nbsp; Jeremiah 51:23 , the Revised Version, margin "or lieutenants"; &nbsp;Jeremiah 51:28 , &nbsp;Jeremiah 51:57; &nbsp;Ezekiel 23:6 , &nbsp;Ezekiel 23:12 , &nbsp;Ezekiel 23:23 ). The same word is rendered "rulers" or "deputies" (&nbsp;Isaiah 41:25; &nbsp;Ezra 9:2; &nbsp;Nehemiah 2:16; &nbsp;Nehemiah 5:7; &nbsp;Nehemiah 7:5; &nbsp;Nehemiah 12:40 ). </p> <p> (6) פחה , <i> ''''' peḥāh ''''' </i> , is variously used: ( <i> a </i> ) of the military governor of a province among the [[Assyrians]] (&nbsp; Isaiah 36:9 ); ( <i> b </i> ) among the [[Chaldees]] (&nbsp;Ezekiel 23:6 , &nbsp;Ezekiel 23:23; &nbsp;Jeremiah 51:23 , &nbsp;Jeremiah 51:18 , &nbsp;Jeremiah 51:57 ); ( <i> c </i> ) among the [[Persians]] (&nbsp;Esther 3:12; &nbsp;Esther 8:9; &nbsp;Esther 9:3 ); ( <i> d </i> ) of the governor-general of the province beyond the River (Euphrates) (&nbsp;Ezra 8:36; &nbsp;Nehemiah 2:7 :9); ( <i> e </i> ) of Nehemiah as subordinate "governor in the land of Judah" under him (&nbsp;Nehemiah 5:14 ); ( <i> f </i> ) of Zerubbabel as "governor of Judah" (&nbsp;Haggai 1:1 , &nbsp;Haggai 1:14; &nbsp;Haggai 2:2 , &nbsp;Haggai 2:21 ); ( <i> g </i> ) of Solomon's governors (&nbsp;1 Kings 10:15; &nbsp;1 Kings 20:24 (in Syria)). </p> <p> (7) פקיד , <i> ''''' pāḳı̄dh ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Jeremiah 20:1 , the Revised Version (British and American) "chief officer"). [[Elsewhere]] it is rendered "overseer" or "officer" (compare &nbsp;Genesis 41:34; &nbsp;2 Kings 25:19; &nbsp;Nehemiah 11:9 , &nbsp;Nehemiah 11:22 ). </p> <p> (8) שׂר , <i> ''''' sar ''''' </i> "governor of the city" (&nbsp; 1 Kings 22:26 ). Elsewhere commonly rendered "prince." </p> <p> (9) שׁלּיט , <i> ''''' shallı̄ṭ ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Genesis 42:6 ). Elsewhere rendered "ruler" or "captain." </p> <p> (10) תּרשׁתא , <i> ''''' tirshāthā' ''''' </i> the Revised Version (British and American) "the governor," the King James Version "the Tirshatha" (&nbsp; Ezra 2:63; &nbsp;Nehemiah 7:70 ). See [[Tirshatha]] . </p> 2. In the New Testament <p> The word "governor" in English Versions of the Bible represents an almost equal variety of Greek words. Here again the usage is for the most part lax and untechnical; but since reference is chiefly had to officers of the Roman imperial administration, concerning which we possess ample information, no embarrassment is thereby occasioned. The words chiefly in use for "governor" are derived from root <i> ''''' ag ''''' </i> -, "drive," "lead": </p> <p> (1) ἡγέομαι , <i> ''''' hēgéomai ''''' </i> , "lead" (&nbsp; Matthew 2:6; of Joseph as grand vizier of Egypt, &nbsp;Acts 7:10 ). </p> <p> (2) ἡγεμών , <i> ''''' hēgemṓn ''''' </i> , "leader" (&nbsp; Matthew 10:18; &nbsp;1 Peter 2:14; of Pilate, &nbsp;Matthew 27:2 , &nbsp;Matthew 27:11 , &nbsp;Matthew 27:14 , &nbsp;Matthew 27:15 , &nbsp;Matthew 27:21 , &nbsp;Matthew 27:27; of Felix, &nbsp;Acts 23:24 , &nbsp;Acts 23:26 , &nbsp;Acts 23:33; of Festus, &nbsp;Acts 24:1 , &nbsp;Acts 24:10; &nbsp;Acts 26:30 ). </p> <p> (3) ἡγεμονεύω , <i> ''''' hēgemoneúō ''''' </i> , "function as leader" (&nbsp; Luke 2:2; of Pilate, &nbsp;Luke 3:1 ). </p> <p> To these are added terms of more specific meaning: </p> <p> (4) ἐθνάρχης , <i> ''''' ethnárchēs ''''' </i> , "ethnarch" or "ruler of a nation" (&nbsp; 2 Corinthians 11:32 ). See [[Government]] , 6, 7. </p> <p> (5) εὐθύνω , <i> ''''' euthúnō ''''' </i> "direct," "guide" (&nbsp; James 3:4 ). Here the Revised Version (British and American) properly render it "steersman." </p> <p> (6) ἀρχιτρίκλινος , <i> ''''' architrı́klinos ''''' </i> , "president of a banquet" (&nbsp; John 2:8 f, the American Standard Revised Version "ruler of the feast"). </p> <p> (7) οἰκονόμος , <i> ''''' oikonómos ''''' </i> , "steward," "manager of a household or estate" (&nbsp; Galatians 4:2 , the Revised Version (British and American) "stewards"). </p> <p> It is thus seen that in the New Testament "governor" in the political sense occurs chiefly in reference to the Roman procurators of Judea - P ilate, Felix, and Festus. See [[Pilate]]; [[Felix]]; [[Festus]] . It remains for us here to speak briefly of the government of Roman provinces. </p> <p> Latin <i> provincia </i> signifies a magistrate's sphere of duty or authority, either ( <i> a </i> ) judicially or legally, defining the scope of his competence, or ( <i> b </i> ) geographically, designating the territorial limits within which he may exercise authority. It is in the latter sense that we are now considering the word. When, in the 3century bc, Rome began to rule conquered lands outside Italy, each territory was set under the authority of a single magistrate, and hence came to be called a "province." Conquered territories left under the rule of native princes or kings were not so designated, although their government was practically directed by Rome. At first provinces were governed by proconsuls or proprietors (i.e. ex-consuls or ex- praetors); but with the steady multiplication of provinces various expedients became necessary in order to provide governors of suitable rank and dignity. Thus, the number of praetors was largely augmented, and the term of possible service as governor was extended. Under Augustus the provinces were parceled out between the emperor and the senate, the former reserving for himself such as seemed to require the maintenance of a considerable armed force. In these the emperor was himself proconsul. Early in the Empire imperial provinces of a different type appear, in which the emperor, regarded as sovereign proprietor, governs by a viceroy ( <i> praefectus </i> ) or steward ( <i> procurator </i> ). In some of these, tributary kings or princes ruled with the emperor's representative - a <i> legatus </i> or a <i> procurator </i> - by their side, much as [[England]] now rules Egypt. Among the provinces so ruled were Egypt and Judea, partly, no doubt, because of their strategic position, partly because of the temper of their inhabitants. </p>