Difference between revisions of "Iconium"

<p> (&nbsp;Ἰκόνιον, now <i> Konia </i> or <i> Konyeh </i> ) </p> <p> This city, which was partly evangelized by St. Paul, occupied one of the most beautiful and fertile inland sites of Asia Minor, compared by T. Lewin ( <i> The Life and [[Epistles]] of St. Paul </i> 3, 1875, i. 144f.) to the oasis of Damascus. Lying in a crescent of Phrygian hills at the western limit of the vast upland plain of Lycaonia, and watered by perennial streams which, through irrigation, make it to-day a garden-city, it must have been a place of importance from the earliest times. Xenophon, the first writer who mentions it ( <i> [[Anab]] </i> . i. ii. 19), says that Cyrus, travelling eastward, came ‘to Iconium, the last city of Phrygia; thence he pursued his route through Lycaonia.’ The inhabitants always regarded themselves as of Phrygian, not of Lycaonian, extraction, and the strongest evidence that they were right was their use of the Phrygian language. On the other hand, many writers-Cicero ( <i> ad Fam </i> . xv. iv. 2), [[Strabo]] (xii, vi. 1 [p. 568]), Pliny ( <i> Historia Naturalis (Pliny) </i> &nbsp; v. 25), and others-having regard to the later history of Iconium, invariably designate it as a city of [[Lycaonia]] ( <i> q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] </i> &nbsp; ). During the 3rd cent. b.c. it was ruled and, to a great extent, hellenized by the Seleucids. After the battle of Magnesia (187 b.c.), it was presented by the Romans to the king of Pergamos; but as he never took effective possession of it, the Galatians appropriated it about 165 b.c. Mark Antony, the ‘king-maker,’ gave it to Polemon in 39 b.c. and transferred it in 36 to Amyntas, king of Galatia, whoso wide dominions, after his death in 25 b.c., were formed into the [[Roman]] province Galatia. Under [[Claudius]] the city was honoured with the name of Claud-Iconium, a proof of its strong Roman sympathies, but it was not raised to the rank of a <i> Colonia </i> till the reign of Hadrian. It remained a city of the province [[Galatia]] till a.d. 295, when [[Diocletian]] formed the province Pisidia, with [[Antioch]] as its capital and [[Iconium]] as its ‘second metropolis.’ In 372 Iconium became the capital of the new province Lycaonia, an arrangement which held good all through the Byzantine period. </p> <p> When St. Luke relates that the [[Apostles]] Paul and Barnabas, being persecuted at Iconium, ‘fled into the cities of Lycaonia’ (&nbsp;Acts 14:6)-an expression which implies that in his view Iconium was not Lycaonian-he adheres to the popular and ignores the official geography. So central and prosperous a city, traversed by a trade-route leading direct to the Cilician Gates, and connected by a cross-road with the great high-way to the Euphrates, naturally attracted many traders and settlers from the outside world. Well-chosen as a sphere of missionary activity, the first attempt to preach the gospel in it proved very successful, and though the enmity of the [[Jews]] compelled the apostles to desist from their efforts for a time, St. Luke speaks of the faith of ‘a great multitude both of Jews and of Greeks’ (&nbsp;Acts 14:1). </p> <p> Iconium figures largely in the [[Galatian]] controversy. What is certain is that St. Paul and [[Barnabas]] preached and made many converts in the city during their first missionary campaign, and that they re-visited it on their homeward journey, ‘confirming the souls of the disciples’ (&nbsp;Acts 14:1; &nbsp;Acts 14:22). The persecutions which St. Paul endured there are alluded to in &nbsp;2 Timothy 3:11. On the South-Galatian theory, he paid the city two more visits, if, as Ramsay and others assume, Iconium is included in ‘the region of [[Phrygia]] and Galatia’ (&nbsp;Acts 16:6) and in ‘the region of Galatia and Phrygia’ (&nbsp;Acts 18:23). In the interval between the Apostle’s last two visits, he received the alarming tidings that his Galatian churches-which, on this hypothesis, were Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe-were being perverted by Judaizers, whoso fatal errors his [[Epistle]] to the Galatians was immediately written to confute. Some indication that his vehement letter and his final visit accomplished his purpose is afforded by the fact that the Galatian Church contributed part of the [[Gentile]] love-offering to the poor saints in [[Jerusalem]] (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1). On the North-Galatian theory St. Paul, using ‘Galatians’ in the popular, not the Roman, sense, wrote to churches which he had founded in Galatia proper, which Livy calls Gallo-Graecia (see Galatia). </p> <p> It is a mere legend that [[Sosipater]] (&nbsp;Romans 16:21) was the first and Terentius or [[Tertius]] (&nbsp;Romans 16:22) the second bishop of Iconium. The city is the principal scene of the <i> Acta Pauli et Theclae </i> , which date back to the 2nd cent. and have a foundation in fact (see W. M. Ramsay, <i> The Church in the Rom, Emp. </i> , 1893, p. 375ff.). The [[Council]] of Iconium was held in 235. When the city became the capital of the Seljuk State, which was founded about 1072, its splendour gave rise to the proverb, ‘See all the world; but see Konia.’ To-day it has a population of 50,000. </p> <p> Literature.-W. M. Leake, <i> Asia Minor </i> , 1824; W. J. Hamilton, <i> Researches in Asia Minor </i> , 1842; Murray’s <i> Guide to Asia Minor </i> , ed. C. Wilson, 1895, p. 133f.; W. M. Ramsay, <i> The Cities of St. Paul </i> , 1907, pp. 315-382. </p> <p> James Strahan. </p>

<p> Now Konieh, N. of mount Taurus, in the central table land of Asia Minor, Lycaonia. On the route between western Asia and [[Ephesus]] on one side, and Tarsus, Antioch, and [[Euphrates]] on the other. An admirable center for missionary labours, as several great roads intersected one another here. Paul with Barnabas first visited it from Antioch in [[Pisidia]] which lay on the W. (&nbsp;Acts 13:50-51; &nbsp;Acts 14:1-21; &nbsp;Acts 14:22). They preached in the synagogue first, as was Paul's wont, and with such power of the [[Holy]] Spirit "that a great multitude both of Jews and also of [[Greeks]] believed." The Lord attested "the word of His grace," moreover, with "signs and wonders done by their hands," while "they abode long time speaking boldly in the Lord." </p> <p> But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles so as to be "evil affected against the brethren." An assault of Jews and Gentiles with their rulers, to stone them, being threatened, they withdrew to [[Lystra]] and [[Derbe]] in the eastern and wilder parts of Lycaonia. Paul revisited Iconium to "confirm their souls in the faith," and to remind them as a motive to continuing endurance that "we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God." In undesigned coincidence Paul in incidentally alludes (&nbsp;2 Timothy 3:11) to "persecutions, afflictions, which came unto me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra, what (how grievous) persecutions I endured ... but out of them all the Lord delivered me." </p> <p> On his second missionary circuit Paul with Silas came from [[Syrian]] Antioch through Cilicia, and up through the [[Taurus]] passes into Lycaonia, and by Derbe and Lystra proceeded westward to Iconium (&nbsp;Acts 16:1-3). In this neighbourhood he took Timothy as his associate, on the recommendation of the brethren at Lystra and Iconium, and here probably took place Timothy's circumcision and ordination (&nbsp;1 Timothy 1:18; &nbsp;1 Timothy 4:14; &nbsp;1 Timothy 6:12; &nbsp;2 Timothy 1:6). </p>

<p> &nbsp;Ico'nium. &nbsp;(little image). The modern &nbsp;Konieh, was the capital of Lycaonia, in Asia Minor. It was a large and rich city, 120 miles north from the [[Mediterranean]] Sea, at the foot of the Taurus mountains, and on the great line of communication between Ephesus and the western coast of the peninsula on one side, and Tarsus, Antioch and the Euphrates on the other. </p> <p> Iconium was a well-chosen place for missionary operations. &nbsp;Acts 14:1; &nbsp;Acts 14:3; &nbsp;Acts 14:21-22; &nbsp;Acts 14:16:1-2; &nbsp;Acts 18:23. Paul's first visit here was on his first circuit, in company with Barnabas; and on this occasion, he approached it from Antioch in Pisidia, which lay to the west. The modern &nbsp;Konieh is between two and three miles in circumference and contains over 30,000 inhabitants. It contains manufactories of carpets and leather. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Iconium (&nbsp;î-cô'-ni-ŭm), &nbsp;place of images (?). A large and rich city of Asia Minor, in the province of Lycaonia. It was on the great Roman highway from Ephesus to Tarsus, Antioch, and the Euphrates, and at the foot of Mount Taurus, in a beautiful and fertile country, about 300 miles southeast of [[Constantinople]] and about 120 miles inland from the Mediterranean. Paul visited it on his first and second missionary journeys. &nbsp;Acts 13:51; &nbsp;Acts 14:1; &nbsp;Acts 14:19; &nbsp;Acts 14:21; &nbsp;Acts 16:2; &nbsp;2 Timothy 3:11. On the South [[Galilean]] view, Paul again visited the city. &nbsp;Acts 18:22-23. </p>

<p> The town of Iconium was situated in the south of the province of Galatia in Asia Minor. Paul established a church in Iconium on his first missionary journey and revisited the town on several occasions (&nbsp;Acts 14:1; &nbsp;Acts 14:21; &nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23). Timothy, who accompanied Paul on some of his journeys, was well known in Iconium and was an eye-witness of some of the persecutions Paul suffered there (&nbsp;Acts 14:1-6; &nbsp;Acts 16:1-2; &nbsp;2 Timothy 3:10-11). (For map and other details see &nbsp;GALATIA.) </p>

<p> A place rendered memorable from Paul's preaching. (See &nbsp;&nbsp;Acts 13:1-52 and &nbsp;&nbsp;Acts 14:1-28) </p>

<p> (&nbsp;Ι᾿κόνιον &nbsp;, of unknown derivation), a town, formerly the capital of Lycaonia (according to Ptol. 5, 6,16; but Phrygia according to Strabo, 12, 568; Xenoph. Anab. 1, 2, 19; Pliny, 5, 25; and even Pisidia according to Ammian. Marcel. 14, 2), as it is now, by the name of Koniyeh, of Karamania, in Asia Minor. It is situated in N. lat. 37&nbsp;° 51, E. long. 320 40', about 120 miles inland from the Mediterranean. It was on the great line of communication between Ephesus and the western coast of the peninsula on one side, and Tarsus, Antioch, and the Euphrates on the other. We see this indicated by the narrative of Xenophon (i.e.) and the letters of Cicero (ad Famz. 3, 8; 5, 20; 15:4). When the Roman provincial system was matured, some of the most important roads intersected one another at this point, as may be seen from the map in Leake's Asia Minor. These circumstances should be borne in mind when we trace Paul's journeys through the district. Iconium was a well-chosen place for missionary operations. The apostle's first visit was on his first circuit, in company with Barnabas; and on this occasion he approached it from Antioch in Pisidia, which lay to the west. A.D. 44. From that city he had been driven by the persecution of the Jews (&nbsp;Acts 13:50-51). </p> <p> There were Jews in Iconium also; and Paul's first efforts here, according to his custom, were made in the synagogue (14:1). The results were considerable both among the [[Hebrew]] and Gentile population of the place (ibid.). We should notice that the working of miracles in Iconium is emphatically mentioned (&nbsp;Acts 14:3). The intrigues of the Jews again drove him away; he was in danger of being stoned, and he withdrew to Lystra and Derbe, in the eastern and wilder part of Lycaonia (&nbsp;Acts 14:6). [[Thither]] also the enmity of the Jews of Antioch and Iconium pursued him; and at Lystra he was actually stoned and left for dead (&nbsp;Acts 14:19). After an interval, however, he returned over the old ground, revisiting Iconium, and encouraging the Church which he had founded there (&nbsp;Acts 14:21-22). A.D. 47. These sufferings and difficulties are alluded to in &nbsp;2 Timothy 3:11; and this brings us to the consideration of his next visit to this neighborhood, which was the occasion of his first practically associating himself with Timothy. Paul left the Syrian Antioch, in company with Silas (&nbsp;Acts 15:40), on his second missionary circuit; and, traveling through Cilicia (&nbsp;Acts 15:41), and up through the passes of Taurus into Lycaonia, approached Iconium from the east, by Derbe and Lystra (&nbsp;Acts 16:1-2). Though apparently a native of Lystra, Timothy was evidently well known to the Christians of Iconium (&nbsp;Acts 16:2); and it is not improbable that his circumcision (&nbsp;Acts 16:3) and ordination (&nbsp;1 Timothy 1:18; &nbsp;1 Timothy 4:14; &nbsp;1 Timothy 6:12 : &nbsp;2 Timothy 1:6) took place there. On leaving Iconium, Paul and his party traveled to the northwest; and the place is not mentioned again in the sacred narrative, though there is little doubt that it was visited by the apostle again in the early part of his third circuit (&nbsp;Acts 18:23). From its position it could not fail to be an important center of Christian influence in the early ages of the Church. The curious apocryphal legend of St. Thecla, of which Iconium is the scene, must not be entirely passed by. The "Acta Pauli et Theclae" are given in full by Grabe &nbsp;(Spicil. vol. 1), and by Jones &nbsp;(On the Canon, 2, 353- 411); and in brief by Conybeare and Towsons (St. Paul, 1, 197). The Church planted at this place by the apostle continued to flourish (Hierocles, p. 675) until, by the persecutions of the Saracens, and afterwards of the Seljukians, who made it one of their sultanies, it was nearly extinguished. But some Christians of the Greek and Armenian churches, with a Greek metropolitan bishop, are still found in the suburbs of the city, not being permitted to reside within the walls. </p> <p> Koniyeh is situated at the foot of Mount Taurus (Mannert, 6:1, p. 195 sq.), upon the border of the lake Trogitis, in a fertile plain, rich in valuable productions, particularly apricots, wine, cotton, flax, and grain. The circumference of the town is between two and three miles, and beyond these are suburbs not much less populous than the town itself, which has in all about 30,000 inhabitants, but according to others 80,000. The walls, strong and lofty, and flanked with square towers, which, at the gates, are placed close together, were built by the Seljukian sultans of iconium, who seem to have taken considerable pains to exhibit the Greek inscriptions, and the remains of architecture and sculpture belonging to the ancient Iconium, which they made use of in building the walls. The town, suburbs, and gardens are plentifully supplied with water from streams which flow from some hills to the westward, and which, to the north-east, join the lake, which varies in size with the season of the year. In the town carpets are manufactured and blue and yellow leathers are tanned and dried. Cotton, wool, hides, and a few of the other raw productions which enrich the superior industry and skill of the manufacturers of Europe, are sent to [[Smyrna]] by caravans. The most remarkable building in Koniyeh is the tomb of a priest highly revered throughout Turkey, called Hazrit Mevlana, the founder of the Mevlevt Dervishes. The city, like all those renowned for superior sanctity, abounds with dervishes, who meet the passenger at every turning of the streets, and demand paras with the greatest clamor and insolence. The bazaars and houses have little to recommend them to notice. (Kinneir's Travels in Asia Minor; Leake's [[Geography]] of Asia Minor; Arundell's Tour in Asia Minor; Niebuhr, Trav. 1, 113, 149; Hassel, EL'rdbeschlr. Asiens, 2, 197; Rosenmuller, Bib. Geog. 1, 1, p. 201, 207; Hamilton's Researches in Asia Minor, 2, 205 sq.; etc. For the early and [[Grecian]] history of this place, and the fanciful etymologies of the name, see Anthon's Class. Dict. s.v.) </p>

<p> ''''' ı̄ ''''' - ''''' kō´ni ''''' - ''''' um ''''' (&nbsp; Ἰκόνιον , <i> ''''' Ikónion ''''' </i> , also &nbsp; Εἰκόνιον , <i> ''''' Eikónion ''''' </i> , on inscriptions): Iconium was visited by Paul on his first and on his second missionary journey (&nbsp; Acts 13:51; &nbsp;Acts 16:2 ), and if the "South Galatian theory" be correct, probably also on his third journey. His sufferings there are referred to in &nbsp;2 Timothy 3:11 . </p> 1. Topographical Position <p> The topographical position of Iconium is clearly indicated in Acts, and the evidence of Acts has been confirmed by recent research. Was Iconium in Phrygia or in Lycaonia, and in what sense can it be said to have belonged to one ethnical division or the other? The majority of our ancient authorities (e.g. Cicero, Strabo, Pliny), writing from the point of view of Roman provincial administration, give Iconium to Lycaonia, of which geography makes it the natural capital. But Xenophon, who marched with Cyrus' expedition through Phrygia into Lycaonia, calls Iconium the last city of Phrygia. The writer of &nbsp;Acts 14:6 makes the same statement when he represents Paul and Barnabas as fleeing from Iconium to the cities of Lycaonia - implying that the border of Phrygia and Lycaonia passed between Iconium and Lystra, 18 miles to the South. Other ancient authorities who knew the local conditions well speak of Iconium as Phrygian until far into the Roman imperial period. At the neighboring city of Lystra (&nbsp; Acts 14:11 ), the natives used the "speech of Lycaonia." Two inscriptions in the Phrygian language found at Iconium in 1910 prove that the Phrygian language was in use there for 2 centuries after Paul's visits, and afford confirmation of the interesting topographical detail in Acts (see <i> Jour. Hell. Stud </i> ., 1911, 189). </p> 2. In [[Apostolic]] Period <p> In the apostolic period, Iconium was one of the chief cities in the southern part of the Roman province Galatia, and it probably belonged to the "Phrygian region" mentioned in &nbsp;Acts 16:6 . The emperor Claudius conferred on it the title Claudiconium, which appears on coins of the city and on inscriptions, and was formerly taken as a proof that Claudius raised the city to the rank of a Roman <i> colonia </i> . It was [[Hadrian]] who raised the city to colonial rank; this is proved by its new title, <i> Colonia Aelia Hadriana Iconiensium </i> , and by a recently discovered inscription, which belongs to the reign of Hadrian, and which mentions the first <i> duumvir </i> who was appointed in the new <i> colonia </i> . Iconium was still a Hellenic city, but with a strong pro-Roman bias (as proved by its title "Claudian") when Paul visited it. </p> 3. Later History <p> About 295 ad, an enlarged province, Pisidia, was formed, with Antioch as capital, and Iconium as a "sort of secondary metropolis." The Byzantine arrangement, familiar to us in the <i> Notitiae Episcopatuum </i> , under which Iconium was the capital of a province Lycaonia, dates from about 372 ad. Iconium, the modern Konia, has always been the main trading center of the [[Lycaonian]] Plain. [[Trade]] attracted Jews to the ancient Phrygio-Hellenic city (&nbsp; Acts 14:1 ), as it attracts Greeks and [[Armenians]] to the modern Turkish town. </p> 4. Thekla <p> Paul's experiences at Iconium form part of theme of the semi-historical legend of Thekla, on which see Professor Ramsay's Church in the Roman Empire, 380ff. </p> Literature <p> Ramsay <i> [[Historical]] [[Commentary]] on Paul's Epistle to the Galatians </i> , 214ff; <i> Cities of St. Paul </i> , 317ff. To the literature referred to in the notes to the latter book (pp. 448ff) add <i> Ath. Mitth </i> ., 1905,324ff; <i> Revue de Philologie </i> , 1912,48ff; <i> Journal Hellenic Studies </i> , 1911,188ff. </p>