Difference between revisions of "Clay"

<p> '''Clay.''' As the sediment of water remaining in pits or in streets, the word is used frequently in the Old Testament, &nbsp;Psalms 18:42; &nbsp;Isaiah 57:20; &nbsp;Jeremiah 38:6, and in the New Testament, &nbsp;John 9:6, a mixture of sand or dust with spittle. It is also found in the sense of potter's clay. &nbsp;Isaiah 41:25. </p> <p> The great seat of the pottery of the present day in [[Palestine]] is Gaza, where are made the vessels in dark-blue clay so frequently met with. Another use of clay was for sealing. &nbsp;Job 38:14. Our Lord's tomb may have been thus sealed, &nbsp;Matthew 27:66, as also the earthen vessel containing the evidences of Jeremiah's purchase. &nbsp;Jeremiah 32:14. The seal used for public documents was rolled on the moist clay, and the tablet was, then, placed in the fire and baked. </p>

<div> '''1: πηλός ''' (Strong'S #4081 — Noun Masculine — pelos — pay-los' ) </div> <p> "clay," especially such as was used by a mason or potter, is used of moist "clay," in &nbsp;John 9:6,11,14-15 , in connection with Christ's healing the blind man; in &nbsp;Romans 9:21 , of potter's "clay," as to the potter's right over it as an illustration of the prerogatives of God in His dealings with men. </p>

<p> '''(1):''' (n.) A soft earth, which is plastic, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities. </p> <p> '''(2):''' (n.) Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles. </p> <p> '''(3):''' (v. t.) To cover or manure with clay. </p> <p> '''(4):''' (v. t.) To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar. </p>

<p> חמר , is often mentioned in Scripture, nor is it necessary to explain the various references to what is so well known. It may be remarked, however, that clay was used for sealing doors. Norden and Pococke observe, that the inspectors of the granaries in Egypt, after closing the door, put their seal upon a handful of clay, with which they cover the lock. This may help to explain &nbsp;Job 38:14 , in which the earth is represented as assuming form and imagery from the brightness of the rising sun, as rude clay receives a figure from the impression of a seal or signet. </p>

<p> is the rendering of several words, more or less accurately, in certain passages in the English Bible: טַיט, tit, prop. mud (&nbsp;Psalms 40:2), i.e. mire (as often rendered), hence potter's clay, as being trodden fine (&nbsp;Isaiah 41:25; &nbsp;Nahum 3:14); corresponding to the Gr. πηλός (&nbsp;John 9:6; &nbsp;John 9:11; &nbsp;John 9:14-15; &nbsp;Romans 9:21; &nbsp;Wisdom of [[Solomon]] 7:9; &nbsp;Wisdom of Solomon 15:7-8; &nbsp;Sirach 33:13; &nbsp;Sirach 38:30; [[Bel]] 7), as soiling or plastic; and חֹמֶר, cho'mer, reddish loam (&nbsp;Job 4:19; (&nbsp;Job 13:12; (&nbsp;Job 27:16; (Job 33:67), e.g. potter's clay (&nbsp;Isaiah 29:16; &nbsp;Isaiah 45:9; &nbsp;Jeremiah 18:4; &nbsp;Jeremiah 18:6), as used for sealing (&nbsp;Job 38:14), or for cement of building ("mortar," &nbsp;Genesis 11:3), so for making brick (&nbsp;Exodus 1:14; "mortar," &nbsp;Isaiah 41:25; &nbsp;Nahum 3:14); also common street "mire" (&nbsp;Isaiah 10:6; &nbsp;Job 30:19; "clay," &nbsp;Job 10:9). Other terms so rendered less correctly are: מֶלֶט, me'let, mortar for plastering (&nbsp;Jeremiah 43:9); and the Chald. חֲסִ, chasaph', sherd, of burnt clay-ware (&nbsp;Daniel 2:23). The word עָב, ab ("clay," &nbsp;2 Chronicles 4:17), or מִעֲבֶה, madbeh' (" clay," &nbsp;1 Kings 7:47), denotes darkness or density of soil, i.e. perh. depth of earth; and the merely apparent compound עִבְטַיט, abtit' ("thick clay"), in &nbsp;Habakkuk 2:6, signifies rather a pledging of goods to an extortioner. (See [[Mineralogy]]). </p> <p> "Clay is a sedimentary earth, tough and plastic, arising from the disintegration of felspar and similar minerals, and always containing silica and alumina combined in variable proportions. As the sediment of water remaining in pits or in streets, the word is used frequently in the O.T. (e.g. &nbsp;Isaiah 57:20; &nbsp;Jeremiah 38:6; &nbsp;Psalms 18:42), and in the N.T. (&nbsp;John 9:6), a mixture of sand or dust with spittle. It is also found in the sense of potter's clay (&nbsp;Isaiah 41:25), the elegant and useful forms assumed by the rude material under his hands supplying a significant emblem of the [[Divine]] power over the destinies of man (&nbsp;Isaiah 64:8; &nbsp;Jeremiah 18:1-6; &nbsp;Romans 9:21). The alluvial soils of Palestine would no doubt supply material for pottery, a manufacture which we know was, as it still is, carried on in the country (&nbsp;Jeremiah 18:2; &nbsp;Jeremiah 18:6); but our knowledge on the subject is so small as to afford little or no means of determining, and the clay of Palestine, like that of Egypt, is probably more loam than clay (Birch, Hist. of Pottery, 1, 55, 152). (See [[Pottery]]). </p> <p> Bituminous shale, convertible into clay, is said to exist largely at the source of the Jordan, and near the [[Dead]] Sea, also near [[Bethshan]] (Burckhardt, 2:593; Russegger, 3:278, 253, 254). The great seat of the pottery of the present day in Palestine is Gaza, where are made the vessels in dark blue clay so frequently met with. The [[Talmud]] (Aboda Sara, 2, 3) mentions a peculiar kind of luteous material called ‘ Hadrian's clay' (חרס הררייני ). The use of clay in brickmaking was also common. See BRICK. Another use of clay was in sealing (&nbsp;Job 38:14). The bricks of [[Assyria]] and [[Egypt]] are most commonly found stamped either with a die or with marks made by the fingers of the maker. Wine-jars in Egypt were sometimes sealed with clay; mummy-pits were sealed with the same substance, and remains of clay are still found adhering to the stone door-jambs. Our Lord's tomb may have been thus sealed (&nbsp;Matthew 27:66), as also the earthen vessel containing the evidences of Jeremiah's purchase (&nbsp;Jeremiah 32:14). So also in Assyria, at Kouyunjik, pieces of fine clay have been found bearing impressions of seals with Assyrian, Egyptian, and Phoenician devices. The seal used for public documents was rolled on the moist clay, and the tablet was then placed in the fire and baked. The practice of sealing doors with clay to facilitate detection in case of malpractice is still common in the East (Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. 1, 15, 48; 2, 364; Layard, Nin. and Bab. p. 153, 158, 608; Herod. 2, 38; Harmer, Obs. 4, 376)" (Smith, s.v.). Norden and Pococke observe that the inspectors of the granaries in Egypt, after closing the door, put their seal upon a handful of clay, with which they cover the lock. (See [[Seal]]). </p> <p> [[Clay]] was also used, no doubt, in primitive times for mortar, for the same term is employed for both (&nbsp;Genesis 11:3). Houses are built of clay mixed with sand in countries where stones are not to be found. (See [[Mortar]]). In &nbsp;Job 4:19, it is said of mankind that they dwell in huts of clay, either alluding to such dwellings, or to the "clay tenements" of the body (compare &nbsp;2 Corinthians 5:1). Our [[Savior]] anointed the eyes of the blind man with a salve made of clay and spittle (&nbsp;John 9:6), a simple preparation, which, it would be manifest to all, — could have in itself no curative virtue. The "clay ground" (literally thickness of soil) in which Solomon caused the large vessels of the [[Temple]] to be cast (&nbsp;1 Kings 7:46; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 4:17) was a compact loam, of a quality or rather extent, depth some 28 feet; (See [[Jachin]]) not to be found elsewhere in Palestine, which is generally rocky or sandy. (See [[Metallurgy]]). </p>

<p> '''''klā''''' ( חמר , <i> '''''ḥōmer''''' </i> , חסף , <i> '''''ḥăṣaph''''' </i> , טיט , <i> '''''ṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> , מלט , <i> '''''meleṭ''''' </i> , עבי , <i> '''''‛ăbhı̄''''' </i> , מעבה , <i> '''''ma‛ăbheh''''' </i> , עבטיט , <i> '''''‛abhṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> ; πηλός , <i> '''''pēlós''''' </i> , "wet clay," "mud"): True clay, which is a highly aluminous soil, is found in certain localities in Palestine,and is used in making pottery. The [[Hebrew]] and Greek words, as well as the English "clay," are, however, used loosely for any sticky mud. In making mud bricks, true clay is not always used, but ordinary soil is worked up with water and mixed with straw, molded and left to dry in the sun. <i> '''''Ḥōmer''''' </i> (compare <i> '''''ḥēmār''''' </i> , "slime" or "bitumen") is rendered both "clay" and "mortar." <i> '''''Ṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> is rendered "clay" or "mire." In &nbsp;Isaiah 41:25 we have: "He shall come upon rulers as upon mortar ( <i> '''''ḥōmer''''' </i> ), and as the potter treadeth clay" ( <i> '''''ṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> ). In &nbsp;Nahum 3:14 , "Go into the clay ( <i> '''''ṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> ), and tread the mortar ( <i> '''''ḥōmer''''' </i> ); make strong the brickkiln" (i.e. make the walls ready to withstand a siege). <i> '''''Ḥăṣaph''''' </i> is the clay of the image in Nebuchadnezzar's dream (&nbsp;Daniel 2:33 ). <i> '''''Meleṭ''''' </i> occurs only in &nbsp;Jeremiah 43:9 , where we find: the King James Version, "Take great stones ... and hide them in the clay in the brickkiln"; the Revised Version (British and American), "hide them in mortar in the brickwork"; the Revised Version, margin, "lay them with mortar in the pavement." In &nbsp;Habakkuk 2:6 , <i> '''''‛abhṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> (found only here) is rendered in the King James Version "thick clay," as if from <i> '''''‛ăbhı̄''''' </i> and <i> '''''ṭı̄ṭ''''' </i> , but the Revised Version (British and American) has "pledges," referring the word to the root <i> '''''‛ābhaṭ''''' </i> , "to give a pledge." In &nbsp;1 Kings 7:46 , <i> '''''ma‛ăbheh hā''''' </i> - <i> ''''''ădhāmāh''''' </i> (compare &nbsp;2 Chronicles 4:17 , <i> '''''‛ăbhı̄ hā''''' </i> - <i> ''''''ădhāmāh''''' </i> ) is the compact or clayey soil in the plain of [[Jordan]] between [[Succoth]] and Zarethan, in which [[Hiram]] cast the vessels of brass for Solomon's temple. In &nbsp;John 9:6 , &nbsp;John 9:11 , &nbsp;John 9:14 , Thayer gives "made mud of the spittle"; in &nbsp;Romans 9:21 , "wet clay." </p>