Difference between revisions of "Nahum"

Nahum 1:1 <p> The date of the prophet's ministry can be placed between 600,700 B.C. by two events mentioned in his book. Nahum 3:8 refers to the destruction of the [[Egyptian]] capital, No-amon or Thebes, in 663 B.C. and indicates that the prophet was active after this time. In Nahum 2:1 , he looked forward to the destruction of Nineveh which took place in 612 B.C. Nahum, therefore, prophesied after 650 B.C., probably close to the time of the fall of Nineveh. </p> <p> [[Historical]] Background Since about 730 B.C., Israel and Judah had been Assyrian vassals. Almost a century later, the Assyrian [[Empire]] began its decline. Many vassal nations revolted along with [[Josiah]] of Judah (2 Kings 22-23 ). A coalition of Medes, Babylonians, and Scythians attacked [[Assyrians]] and in 612 B.C. destroyed the capital, Nineveh. The Assyrians formed a coalition with the Egyptians, but in 605 B.C., they were defeated. See 2 Kings 22-23 . </p> <p> The Prophet's [[Message]] The Assyrian oppression created a troubling question. How could God allow such inhumanity to go unanswered? Nahum responded to Assyrian tyranny with a message marked by its vivid language. Assyria's might had been heavy upon Judah, but Nahum announced that God would destroy them. </p> <p> The book opens with an affirmation of God as an avenging God. The fierceness of His wrath is pictured in terms of the destruction of nature. For over a century, the Assyrians seemed to have had an uncontrolled reign, but now God was responding. His judgment is likened to an approaching storm. Perhaps the people of Judah doubted God's justness since [[Assyria]] seemed to have no restraints. Nahum, however, sought to dispel this notion. </p> <p> The second chapter graphically portrays the future fall of Assyria's capital, Nineveh. Such an event must have been hard for the people to imagine. Nineveh was a massive city with a defensive wall that measured eight miles in circumference and ranged in height from 25 to 60 feet. A moat also surrounded it. Yet, Nahum, poetically affirmed the city's fall. The enemy would rush upon the city with their chariots (Nahum 2:4 ), and the gates would be unable to keep them out (Nahum 2:5 ). The great city would be plundered (Nahum 2:7-10 ). </p> <p> The Book of Nahum closes with more threats against Nineveh. Ironically, as Assyria had destroyed Thebes in 663 B.C., so the same fate would befall Nineveh (Nahum 3:8-11 ). Preparations for a siege on the city are alluded to in Nahum 3:14 . [[Water]] would be stored and fortifications strengthened by the addition of more mud bricks. Yet, these preparations would not keep away God's devastating judgment. </p> <p> While the Book of Nahum is harsh and deals with the unpleasantness of war, it served to give hope to the people of Judah. They had been subjected to the cruel domination of Assyria for over a century, but now their faith in God to act on their behalf could be bolstered through God's response. God's justness was reaffirmed. </p> <p> Outline </p> <p> I. The Sovereign God Makes Himself Known (Nahum 1:1-11 ) </p> <p> A. The jealous, patient Lord takes vengeance on His adversaries (Nahum 1:1-3 ). </p> <p> B. The earth quakes at the arrival of God (Nahum 1:4-5 ). </p> <p> C. Who can endure the heat of God's anger? (Nahum 1:6 ). </p> <p> D. The good Lord is a refuge for His troubled, trusting people (Nahum 1:7 ). </p> <p> E. God protects those who seek Him but will destroy the enemy (Nahum 1:8-9 ). </p> <p> F. The enemy must drink the cup of God's wrath (Nahum 1:10-11 ). </p> <p> II. In the Enemy's Fall, God Offers Hope for His [[Oppressed]] People (Nahum 1:12-15 ). </p> <p> A. God can defeat the enemies no matter how strong and numerous they are (Nahum 1:12-13 ). </p> <p> B. God judges the enemy because of its false gods (Nahum 1:14 ). </p> <p> C. God calls His delivered people to grateful worship (Nahum 1:15 ). </p> <p> III. God Will Bring [[Judgment]] Upon His [[Wicked]] [[Enemy]] (Nahum 2:1-3:19 ). </p> <p> A. The enemy will fall, but God's people will be restored (Nahum 2:1-2 ). </p> <p> B. [[Armies]] and wealth cannot prevent God's judgment (Nahum 2:3-12 ). </p> <p> C. When God declares war, the enemy is helpless (Nahum 2:13 ). </p> <p> D. God humiliates wicked peoples (Nahum 3:1-19 ). </p> <p> Scott Langston </p>

<p> Nothing is known of the personal history of this prophet: he is called 'the Elkoshite,' which is supposed to refer to a place named Elkosh in Galilee. There is no reference to dates in the prophecy, but it is generally placed at about B.C. 714, when [[Sennacherib]] invaded Judaea. 2 Kings 18:13 . The prophecy is against Nineveh, and foretells its destruction, though, like other prophecies, it has an application to the future, when 'Assyria' will again be the open enemy of Israel. </p> <p> The prophecy opens with the character of Jehovah in government. He is slow to anger, but He is jealous, and His revenge is furious. He is good, and a safe refuge in the day of trouble for those that trust in Him; but, as to His enemies, with an overflowing flood He will make an utter end of their place. Not only is the destruction of Nineveh foretold, but the Assyrian nation also should come to a full end. </p> <p> One who had come out to oppress Israel, was a wicked counsellor, who imagined evil, not only against Judah, but against Jehovah: he should be cut off. Compare the insulting language of Rab-shakeh, the general of the king of Assyria: at first he said that Jehovah had sent him, and then treated the God of Israel as no better than the heathen gods, who had not been able to protect their worshippers. 2 Kings 18:25,32,33 . But there was good news for Judah; God would break the yoke of Assyria off their necks. They might keep their solemn feasts. The enemy should no more pass through. What took place in Hezekiah's day was but a type of the latter-day fulfilment of this chapter: cf. Nahum 1:10 and 2 Kings 19:35; and in this way we see the scope of prophecy and not simply the immediate events that gave rise to it. </p> <p> Nahum 2 concerns the city of Nineveh directly. God had allowed [[Jacob]] to be disciplined and 'emptied out;' but now Nineveh must be dealt with. It is exhorted to make good its defence, yet the gates of the rivers should be opened, and the palace should be dissolved. Here it is not the 'gates of the city,' as when [[Babylon]] was taken, but 'the gates of the rivers.' This may refer to the [[Tigris]] and the canals that watered the city. The overflowing river, it is said, caused a breach in the sun-dried brick walls. </p> <p> "Huzzab shall be led away captive." Nahum 2:7 . This name is supposed by some to be symbolical of Nineveh, the one 'established,' or 'held to be impregnable,' as in the <i> margin </i> ; others, however, believe it refers to the reigning queen, who should be led captive with her maids. The spoil which had been taken in many wars was great, but should now enrich others. The reference to the lions, and the strangling, and the filling the dens with ravin, possibly applied to the cruelties which the Assyrians inflicted on their prisoners, and which are depicted by themselves on their monuments. Truly, as said in Nahum 3 , it was a 'bloody city.' The following verses, as also Nahum 2:3,4 , show that it was a warlike nation, ever seeking to enrich itself by the spoil of other nations, among which were Israel and Judah. It should not only be brought down, but should be made vile and a gazing-stock. Nahum 3:8-10 show that as 'populous No' (the renowned Thebes, with its hundred gates), had been brought to nought (probably by Sargon, king of Assyria), so should Nineveh fall. The gates of the land should be left open for their enemies, and as the cankerworm, the locust, and the grasshopper destroy vegetation, so should be their desolation. Fire is spoken of several times, and the explorations that have been made at the ruins of Nineveh abundantly prove that fire did its destructive work. The denunciations close with, "There is no healing of thy bruise; thy wound is grievous: all that hear the bruit of thee shall clap the hands over thee: for upon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually?" The ruins show how complete and lasting was God's judgement on the guilty city. See NINEVEH. </p>

<p> At the time of Nahum’s prophecy, Assyria had passed the peak of its power and was heading for inevitable conquest by the rising power of Babylon. Nahum, as God’s spokesman, announced a fitting judgment on Assyria, enlivening his message with graphic descriptions of the destruction of Assyria’s capital, Nineveh. </p> <p> Background to the book </p> <p> About one hundred years previously, Assyria had conquered the northern kingdom Israel and taken its people into captivity (722 BC; 2 Kings 17:6). It then applied pressure to the southern kingdom Judah. Through the reign of one [[Judean]] king after another, tension and conflict existed between Judah and Assyria (2 Kings 16:7-20; 2 Kings 18:7-37; 2 Kings 19; 2 Chronicles 28:20-21; 2 Chronicles 30:6; 2 Chronicles 33:11). </p> <p> By the time Josiah became king of Judah (640 BC), Assyria had weakened sufficiently for Josiah to carry out extensive political and religious reforms in Judah. Nahum was most likely one of those prophets who began to preach in Judah during the revival of prophetic activity that occurred during Josiah’s reign. </p> <p> Most nations of the region had at some time suffered from the brutality of Assyria (Nahum 3:19). Nahum, who had been deeply stirred over Assyria’s injustice and cruelty, had a feeling of satisfaction that at last a fitting divine judgment was to fall upon the ruthless oppressor (Nahum 2:10; Nahum 2:13; Nahum 3:5-7; Nahum 3:19). Nineveh was conquered by the armies of Babylon in 612 BC. </p> <p> Summary of the book </p> <p> Nahum opens his book with striking word-pictures showing that God takes vengeance on those who fight against him, though he protects those who trust in him (1:1-15). The prophet then describes the coming attack on Nineveh (2:1-9), which is to be punished because of the fierce cruelty with which it destroyed its victims (2:10-13). A third poem gives a further description of Nineveh’s overthrow. The reason given this time is the nation’s unrestrained greed for wealth and power (3:1-19). </p>

<p> Na'hum. (consolation). Nahum, called "the Elkoshite," is the seventh, in order, of the minor prophets. His personal history is quite unknown. The site of Elkosh, his native place, is disputed, some placing it in Galilee, others in Assyria. Those who maintain the latter view, assume that the prophet's parents were carried into captivity by Tiglath-pileser, and that the prophet was born at the village of Alkush, on the east bank of the Tigris, two miles north of Mosul. </p> <p> On the other hand, the imagery of his prophecy is such like would be natural to an inhabitant of Palestine, Nahum 1:4, to whom the rich pastures of Bashan, the vineyards of Carmel, and the blossoms of [[Lebanon]] were emblems of all that was luxuriant and fertile. </p> <p> The language employed in Nahum 1:15; Nahum 2:2, is appropriate to one who wrote for his countrymen in their native land. (McClintock and Strong come to the conclusion that Nahum was a native of Galilee, and that at the captivity of the ten tribes, he escaped into Judah, and prophesied in the reign of Hezekiah, B.C. 726-698. - Editor). </p> <p> [[Prophecy]] of Nahum. - The date of Nahum's prophecy can be determined, with as little precision as his birthplace. It is, however, certain that the prophecy was written before the final downfall of Nineveh and its capture by the Medes and Chaldeans, circa, B.C. 625. The allusions to the Assyrian power imply that it was still unbroken. Nahum 1:12; Nahum 2:8; Nahum 2:13; Nahum 3:16-17. </p> <p> It is most probable that Nahum flourished, in the latter half of the return of Hezekiah, and wrote his prophecy, either in Jerusalem or its neighborhood. The subject of the prophecy is, in accordance with the superscription, "the burden of Nineveh," the destruction of which he predicts. As a poet, Nahum occupies a high place in the first rank of [[Hebrew]] literature. His style is clear and uninvolved, though pregnant and forcible; his diction sonorous and rhythmical, the words re-echoing to the sense. Compare Nahum 2:4; Nahum 3:3. </p>

<p> Consolation, the seventh of the twelve minor prophets. The circumstances of Nahum's life are unknown, except that he was a native of Elkosh, which probably was a village in Galilee. His prophecy consists of three chapters, which form one discourse, in which he foretells the destruction of Nineveh in so powerful and vivid a manner, that he might seem to have been on the very spot. The native elegance, fire, and sublimity of his style are universally admired. </p> <p> Opinions are divided as to the time in which Nahum prophesied. The best interpreters adopt Jerome's opinion, that he foretold the destruction of Nineveh in the time of Hezekiah, after the war of Sennacherib in [[Egypt]] mentioned by Berosus. Compare Isaiah 20:6 Nahum 3:8 . Nahum speaks of the taking of shakeh, and of the defeat of Sennacherib, as things that were past. He implies that the tribe of Judah was still in their own country, and that they there celebrated their festivals. He notices also the captivity and dispersion of the ten tribes. </p>

<p> is supposed to have been a native of Elcosh or Elcosha, a village in Galilee, and to have been of the tribe of [[Simeon.]] There is great uncertainty about the exact period in which he lived; but it is generally allowed that he delivered his predictions between the Assyrian and [[Babylonian]] captivities, and probably about B.C. 715. They relate solely to the destruction of Nineveh by the [[Babylonians]] and Medes, and are introduced by an animated display of the attributes of God. Of all the minor prophets, says [[Bishop]] Lowth, none seems to equal Nahum in sublimity, ardour, and boldness. His prophecy forms an entire and regular poem. The exordium is magnificent and truly August. The preparation for the destruction of Nineveh, and the description of that destruction, are expressed in the most glowing colours; and at the same time the prophet writes with a perspicuity and elegance which have a just claim to our highest admiration. </p>

<p> Nahum (Nâ'hum), consolation. One of the twelve minor prophets. In Nahum 1:1 he is called an Elkoshite. Some refer this name to a place in Galilee, others to a village on the Tigris. The intimate acquaintance the book shows with [[Syrian]] affairs makes it probable that Nahum lived an exile in Assyria, and perhaps at the village on the Tigris. Nahum prophesied before the destruction of Nineveh, which he predicts, and probably in the reign of Hezekiah. </p> <p> Book of. It is a poem of great sublimity, and admirable for the elegance of its imagery. It describes with much beauty and poetic force the siege and destruction of Nineveh as a punishment for her wickedness. Nah. chaps. 2 and 3. </p>

<p> (Heb. Nachumn, נִחוּם , consolation; a name likewise found as נחם in the Phoenician inscriptions, [Gesenius, Monun. Pheen. pages 134, 137]; and in the form Νάουμος in a Greek inscription given by Bockh, Coap. Inscr. 4:3; Sept. Ναούμ; comp. Luke 3:25), the seventh of the minor prophets, according to the arrangement of both the Hebrew and Greek. (In this and the following article we give a copious exposition of all the topics of interest relating to the whole subject). Of the author himself we have no more knowledge than is afforded us by the scanty title of his book, "the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite," which gives no indication whatever of his date, and leaves his origin obscure. The site of Elkosk, his native place, is disputed, some placing it in Galilee, with Jerome, who was shown the ruins by his guide (Prcem. in Nah.); so [[Cyril]] (ad loc.). Capernaum, literally "village of Nahum," is supposed to have derived its name from the prophet. Schwarz (Descr. of Pal. page 188) mentions a Kefar Tanchum, or Nachum, close on Chinnereth, and two and a half English miles north of Tiberias. "They point out there the graves of Nahum the prophet, of rabbis [[Tanchum]] and Tanchuma, who all repose there, and through these the ancient position of the village is easily known." Others (after Assemani, Bibl. Orient. 1:525; 3:352) locate Nahum's birthplace in Assyria, where the tomb of the prophet is still visited as a sacred spot by [[Jews]] from all parts. [[Benjamin]] of [[Tudela]] (page 53 Heb. text, ed. Asher) thus briefly alludes to it: "And in the city of [[Asshur]] (Mosul) is the synagogue of Obadiah, and the synagogue of Jonah the son of Amittai, and the synagogue of Nahum the Elkoshite." (See [[Elkosh]]). </p> <p> Mr. Layard, who visited the place, says (Nineveh, 1:197), "It is held in great reverence by Mohammedans and Christians, but especially by Jews, who keep the building — a modern one — in repair. The tomb is a simple plaster box, covered with green cloth, and standing at the upper end of a large chamber. There are no inscriptions nor fragments of any antiquity about the place; and I am not aware in what the tradition originated, nor how long it has attached to the village of Alkosh." [[Gesenius]] regards both the above locations of Elkosh as very doubtful (Thesaurus, s.v.). Those who maintain the latter site assume that the prophet's parents were carried into captivity by Tiglath-pileser, and planted, with other exile colonists, in the province of Assyria, the modern Kurdistan, and that the prophet was born at the village of Alkush, on the east bank of the Tigris, a few miles north of Mosul. (So Eichhorn, Einl. 4:390; Ritter, Erdk. 9:742; and others.) Ewald is of opinion that the prophecy was written there at a time when Nineveh was threatened from without. Against this it may be urged that it does not appear that the exiles were carried into the province of Assyria proper, but into the newly-conquered districts, suchl as Mesopotamia, Babylonia, or Media. The arguments in favor of an Assyrian locality for the prophet are supported by the occurrence. of what are presumed to be Assyrian words: הֻצִּב, 2:8; טִפְסְרִיַךְ מַנְּזָיִיַךְ, 17; and the strange form מִלְאָכֵכֵה in Nahum 2:14, which is supposed to indicate a foreign influence. In addition to this is the interrial evidence supplied by the vivid description of Nineveh, of whose splendors it is contended Nahum must have been an eye-witness; but Hitzig justly observes that these descriptions display merely a lively imagination, and such knowledge of a renowned city as might be possessed by any one in Anterior Asia. The Assyrian warriors were no strangers in Palestine, and that there was sufficient intercourse between the two countries is rendered probable by the history of the prophet Jonah. There is nothing in the prophecy of Nahum to indicate that it was written in the immediate neighborhood of Nineveh, and in filll view of the scenes which are depicted, nor is the language that of an exile in an: enemy's country. No allusion is made to the captivity; while, on the other hand, the imagery is such as would be natural to an inhabitant of [[Palestine]] (Nahum 1:4), to whom the rich pastures of Bashan, the vineyards of Carmel, and the blossoms of Lebanon were emblems of all that was luxuriant and fertile. The language employed in Nahum 1:15 and Nahum 2:2 is appropriate to one who wrote for his countrymen in their native land. In fact, the sole origin of the theory that Nahum flourished in Assyria is the name of the village Alkush, which contains his supposed tomb, and from its similarity to Elkosh was apparently selected by mediaeval tradition as a shrine for pilgrims, with as little probability to recommend it as exists in the case of Obadiah and Jephthah, whose burial- places are still shown in the same neighborhood. This supposition is more reasonable than another which has been adopted in order to account for the existence of Nahum's tomb at a place the name of which so closely resembles that of his native town. Alkush, it is suggested, was founded by the [[Israelitish]] exiles, and so named by them in memory of Elkosh in their own country. Tradition, as usual, has usurped the province of history. According to pseudo-Epiphanius (De Vitis Proph. in Opp. 2:247), Nahum was of the tribe of Simeon, "from Elaesei, beyond the Jordan, at Begabar (Βηγαβάρ; Chron. Pasch. 150 B. Βηταβαρή)," or Bethabara, where he died in peace and was buried. In the [[Roman]] [[Martyrology]] the 1st of December is consecrated to his memory. For the period in which he lived, see the discussion below as to the date of his writing. </p>

<p> Nahum (consolation), the seventh of the Minor Prophets, according to the arrangement of both the Greek and Hebrew, but the sixth in point of date, was a native of Elkosh, a village of Galilee. He prophesied in Judah after the deportation of the ten tribes, and soon after the unsuccessful eruption of Sennacherib (;; ), consequently towards the close of the reign of Hezekiah. Attempts have been made to fix the date with precision, from the allusion to the destruction of No-Ammon or Thebes in Egypt but as it is uncertain when this event took place, [[Eichhorn]] and others have conjectured that it was near the beginning of the reign of Hezekiah, or about B.C. 720, as about this time Sargon, king of Assyria, waged an unsuccessful war for three years against Egypt (Isaiah 20). </p> <p> The contents of the prophecy of Nahum are as follows:—. The destruction of Nineveh and of the Assyrian monarchy is depicted in the liveliest colors, together with the relief of Judah from oppression. The destruction of Nineveh is detailed with still greater particularity in Nahum 3; which has induced some to suppose that the prophet refers to two different events—the sack of Nineveh by the Medes, B.C. 867, in the reign of Sardanapalus, and its second and final destruction, under Chyniladan, by [[Cyaxares]] the First and Nabopolassar, B.C. 625. But this opinion has been satisfactorily refuted by Jahn and De Wette. </p> <p> The beauty of the style of Nahum has been universally felt. It is classic, observes De Wette, in all respects. It is marked by clearness, by its finished elegance, as well as by fire, richness, and originality. The rhythm is regular and lively. The whole book remarkably coherent, and the author only holds his breath, as it were, in Nahum 3. Jahn observes that the language is pure, with a single exception; that the style is ornate, and the tropes bold and elegant (rendering it, however, necessary for the reader to supply some omissions; see;; ); and that the descriptions of the divine omnipotence, and of the destruction of Nineveh, are resplendent with all the perfection of oratory. </p>

<p> One of the minor prophets of the Old Testament; appears to have been a contemporary of Isaiah, and to have prophesied after the destruction of [[Samaria]] and the defeat of Sennache rib before Jerusalem in the reign of Hezekiah. His mission as a prophet was to console the people in the presence of the formidable power of Assyria, and to predict its downfall, and especially that of its capital city Nineveh, an event which happened under Cyaxares the [[Mede]] 603 B.C. His thought is forcible, his expression clear, and his diction pure, all three worthy of the classical age of Hebrew literature. </p>