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== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_49521" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_49521" /> == | ||
<p> <strong> APPARITION </strong> . [[In]] RV [Note: [[Revised]] Version.] of <span> [[Matthew]] 14:26 </span> and <span> [[Mark]] 6:49 </span> for AV [Note: [[Authorized]] Version.] ‘spirit.’ The Gr. word ( <em> phantasma </em> ) differs from the usual word for ‘spirit’ ( <em> pneuma </em> ). It occurs only in these passages. </p> | |||
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54915" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54915" /> == | ||
<p> <b> APPARITION </b> </p> <p> [[In]] [[Authorized]] [[Version]] this word occurs thrice, in the Apocr <sup> . </sup> <span> <sup> [Note: Apocrypha, Apocryphal.] </sup> </span> only: <span> [[Wisdom]] of [[Solomon]] 17:3 </span> (Gr. <span> ἵνδαλμα </span> , [[Revised]] Version NT 1881, OT 1885 ‘spectral form’), <span> 2 [[Maccabees]] 3:24 </span> (Gr. <span> ἑτιφάνεια </span> , Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 ‘apparition,’ (Revised Version margin) ‘manifestation’), and <span> 2 Maccabees 5:4 </span> (Gr. <span> ἑτιφάνεια </span> , Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 ‘vision,’ (Revised Version margin) ‘manifestation’). In Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 it occurs thrice only: <span> [[Matthew]] 14:26 </span> || <span> [[Mark]] 6:49 </span> ( <span> φάντασμα </span> Authorized Version ‘spirit’), and <span> 2 Maccabees 3:24 </span> (as above). </p> <p> The Revisers have used this word in its ordinary current sense of ‘an immaterial appearance, as of a real being, a spectre, phantom, or ghost.’ There is always connected with this term the idea of a <i> startling </i> or <i> unexpected </i> appearance, which seems also associated with the original <span> φάντασμα </span> . The immaterial appearance of a person supposed to be seen before ( <i> double </i> ) or soon after death ( <i> ghost </i> ), is a <i> wraith </i> ; but these three synonyms are often interchanged. </p> <p> The [[Jews]] of Christ’s time, like all unscientific minds (ancient and modern), believed in ghosts naturally, instinctively, uncritically. Dr. Swete ( <i> The [[Gospel]] according to St. Mark </i> , London, 1898, p. 131) refers to <span> [[Job]] 4:15 </span> ff; <span> Job 20:8 </span> , and especially to <span> Wisdom of Solomon 17:3 </span> (4) and <span> Wisdom of Solomon 17:14 </span> ( <span> Wisdom of Solomon 17:15 </span> ) for earlier evidence of a popular belief in apparitions among the [[Hebrew]] people. The disciples’ sudden shriek of terror ( <span> ἀνέκραξαν </span> , <span> Mark 6:49 </span> ) shows that they thought the phantom was real; but if we try to realize their attitude and outlook, we shall understand the futility of attributing to such naïve intelligences the discrimination of modern psychological research. The suggestions of excitable imaginations were indistinguishable from the actual presentations of objective reality. The best illustrations of their habits of thought must be sought in ancient and modern records of [[Oriental]] beliefs. </p> <p> A. [[Erman]] ( <i> [[Life]] in [[Ancient]] [[Egypt]] </i> , London, 1894, pp. 307, 308) says that ‘the [[Egyptians]] did not consider man as a simple individuality; he consisted of at least three parts, the body, the soul, and the ghost, the image, the double, or the genius, according as we translate the [[Egyptian]] word <span> Κα </span> .… After the death of a man, just as during his lifetime, the <span> Κα </span> was still considered to be the representative of his human personality, and so the body had to be preserved that the <span> Κα </span> might take possession of it when he pleased.… It is to their faith in the <span> Κα </span> that we owe all our knowledge of the home life of the people of ancient Egypt.’ </p> <p> E. J. W. Gibb ( <i> [[History]] of [[Ottoman]] [[Poetry]] </i> , London, 1900, pp. 56–59) says that ‘according to the [[Sufi]] theory of the human soul it is a spirit, and therefore, by virtue of its own nature, in reality a citizen of the [[Spirit]] World. Its true home is there, and hence, for a certain season, it descends into this [[Physical]] Plane, where, to enable it to act upon its surroundings, it is clothed in a physical body.… The power of passing from the Physical [[World]] into the [[Spiritual]] is potential in every soul, but is actualized only in a few.’ </p> <p> [[For]] the mediaeval conception of the nature of ghosts see the <i> locus classicus </i> —Dante, <i> Purg. </i> xxv. 88–108—in which Dante explains his conception of the disembodied soul as having the power of operating on matter and impressing upon the surrounding air the shape which it animated in life (Aquinas), thus forming for itself an aerial vesture (Origen and St. Augustine). [[See]] also Dante, <i> Conv. </i> translation ii. c. 9, and [[Thomas]] Aquinas, <i> Summa Theol. </i> pt. iii. suppl. qu. lxix, art. 1. </p> <p> Keim ( <i> [[Jesus]] of Nazara </i> , London, 1879, iv. 184–191) critically reviews the various explanations offered of the miracle of Jesus walking over the billows, but says nothing of the word <span> φάντασμα </span> , merely remarking (p. 190): ‘If we adhere to the actual narrative, the going on the water was far from being an act of an ordinary character—it was something divine or ghostly.’ For the latest criticism of the popular belief of NT times in the manifestations of the spirit world, see P. Wernle, <i> Beginnings of [[Christianity]] </i> , London, 1903, pp. 1–11. </p> <p> P. Henderson Aitken. </p> | |||
== Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_76799" /> == | == Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_76799" /> == | ||
<div> <span> 1: Φάντασμα </span> <div> <button> ► </button> </div> <span> (Strong'S #5326 [[Noun]] [[Neuter]] phantasma fan'-tas-mah </span> ) </div> <p> "a phantasm or phantom" (from phaino, "to appear"), is translated "apparition" in the RV of <span> [[Matthew]] 14:26 </span> ; <span> [[Mark]] 6:49 </span> (AV, "spirit"). [[In]] the Sept., <span> [[Job]] 20:8 </span> ; <span> [[Isaiah]] 28:7 </span> . </p> | |||
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_871" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_871" /> == | ||
'''''ap''''' '''''a''''' '''''rish´un''''' <span> ἴνδαλμα </span> <i> '''''ı́ndalma''''' </i> <span> ἐπιφάνεια </span> <i> '''''epipháneia''''' </i> <span> φάντασμα </span> <i> '''''phántasma''''' </i> <i> '''''indalma''''' </i> <i> '''''epiphaneia''''' </i> <i> '''''epiphaneia''''' </i> <span> [[Matthew]] 14:26 </span> <span> [[Mark]] 6:49 </span> <i> '''''phantasma''''' </i> | |||
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_20655" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_20655" /> == | ||
<p> ( <span> ἐπιφανεία </span> <span> , </span> <span> 2 [[Maccabees]] 5:4 </span> ; <span> ἴνδαλμα </span> , </p> <p> <span> [[Wisdom]] of [[Solomon]] 17:3 </span> ; <span> φάντασμα </span> <span> , </span> <span> Wisdom of Solomon 17:15 </span> [14]), the sudden appearance of a <span> "ghost" </span> or the spirit of a departed person (comp. <span> [[Luke]] 24:37 </span> ), or some other preternatural object. (See [[Spectre]]). The belief in such occurrences has always been prevalent in the East; and among the modern Mohammedans the existence and manifestation of <span> efreets </span> is held an undoubted reality (Lane's <span> Mod. Eg. </span> 1, 344). (See [[Superstition]]). Such a belief, however, has no sanction in the canonical [[Scriptures]] beyond the doubtful case of [[Saul]] ( <span> 1 [[Samuel]] 28:14 </span> ). (See [[Witchcraft]]). The visits of [[Christ]] to his disciples after his resurrection come under altogether a different category. (See [[Appearance]]). </p> | |||
==References == | ==References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name="term_49521"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/apparition Apparition from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_54915"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/apparition Apparition from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_76799"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/vine-s-expository-dictionary-of-nt-words/apparition Apparition from Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_871"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/apparition Apparition from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_20655"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/apparition Apparition from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | |||
</references> | </references> |